Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/fuchs-endothelial-dystrophy

Fuchs endothelial dystrophy is a condition that causes vision problems. The first symptom of this condition is typically blurred vision in the morning that usually clears during the day. Over time, affected individuals lose the ability to see details (visual acuity). People with Fuchs endothelial dystrophy also become sensitive to bright lights.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Fuchs endothelial dystrophy specifically affects the front surface of the eye called the cornea. Deposits called guttae, which are detectable during an eye exam, form in the middle of the cornea and eventually spread throughout the cornea. These guttae contribute to the ongoing cell death within the cornea, leading to worsening vision problems. Tiny blisters may develop on the cornea, which can burst and cause eye pain.

The signs and symptoms of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy usually begin in a person's forties or fifties. A very rare early-onset variant of this condition starts to affect vision in a person's twenties.

2. Frequency

The late-onset form of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy is a common condition, affecting approximately 4 percent of people over the age of 40 in the United States. The early-onset variant of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy is rare, although the exact prevalence is unknown.

For reasons that are unclear, Fuchs endothelial dystrophy affects women two to four times more frequently than men.

3. Causes

The genetics of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy are unclear. Researchers have identified several genes and regions within a few chromosomes that they think may play a role in the development of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy. However, many of these genetic associations have been found in only a few affected individuals or families and it is unclear what role they have in the development of the condition.

Fuchs endothelial dystrophy affects a thin layer of cells that line the back of the cornea, called corneal endothelial cells. These cells regulate the amount of fluid inside the cornea. An appropriate fluid balance in the cornea is necessary for clear vision. Fuchs endothelial dystrophy occurs when the endothelial cells die and the cornea becomes swollen with too much fluid. Corneal endothelial cells continue to die over time, resulting in worsening vision problems. It is thought that mutations in genes that are active (expressed) primarily in corneal endothelial cells or surrounding tissue contribute to the death of corneal endothelial cells, resulting in Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.

Some cases of the early-onset variant of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy are caused by mutations in a gene called COL8A2. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is part of type VIII collagen. Type VIII collagen is largely found within the cornea, surrounding the endothelial cells. Specifically, type VIII collagen is a major component of a tissue at the back of the cornea, called Descemet's membrane. This membrane is a thin, sheet-like structure that separates and supports corneal endothelial cells. COL8A2 gene mutations that cause the early-onset variant of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy lead to an abnormal Descemet's membrane, which causes corneal endothelial cells to die and leads to the vision problems in people with this condition.

Mutations in additional, unidentified genes are also thought to be involved in the development of both the early-onset variant of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy and the later onset form of the disorder.

4. Inheritance

In many cases, the inheritance pattern of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy is unknown.

In some families, Fuchs endothelial dystrophy appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. When this condition is caused by a mutation in the COL8A2 gene, it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. In addition, an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern is apparent in some situations in which the condition is caused by alterations in an unknown gene.

Some cases result from new mutations in a gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.

5. Other Names for This Condition

Fuchs atrophy
Fuchs corneal dystrophy
Fuchs dystrophy
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy

References

Afshari NA, Igo RP Jr, Morris NJ, Stambolian D, Sharma S, Pulagam VL, Dunn S, Stamler JF, Truitt BJ, Rimmler J, Kuot A, Croasdale CR, Qin X, Burdon KP,Riazuddin SA, Mills R, Klebe S, Minear MA, Zhao J, Balajonda E, Rosenwasser GO,Baratz KH, Mootha VV, Patel SV, Gregory SG, Bailey-Wilson JE, Price MO, Price FW Jr, Craig JE, Fingert JH, Gottsch JD, Aldave AJ, Klintworth GK, Lass JH, Li YJ,Iyengar SK. Genome-wide association study identifies three novel loci in Fuchsendothelial corneal dystrophy. Nat Commun. 2017 Mar 30;8:14898. doi:10.1038/ncomms14898.
Afshari NA, Li YJ, Pericak-Vance MA, Gregory S, Klintworth GK. Genome-widelinkage scan in fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2009 Mar;50(3):1093-7. doi: 10.1167/iovs.08-1839.
Baratz KH, Tosakulwong N, Ryu E, Brown WL, Branham K, Chen W, Tran KD,Schmid-Kubista KE, Heckenlively JR, Swaroop A, Abecasis G, Bailey KR, Edwards AO.E2-2 protein and Fuchs's corneal dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep9;363(11):1016-24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1007064.
Biswas S, Munier FL, Yardley J, Hart-Holden N, Perveen R, Cousin P, SutphinJE, Noble B, Batterbury M, Kielty C, Hackett A, Bonshek R, Ridgway A, McLeod D,Sheffield VC, Stone EM, Schorderet DF, Black GC. Missense mutations in COL8A2,the gene encoding the alpha2 chain of type VIII collagen, cause two forms ofcorneal endothelial dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Oct 1;10(21):2415-23.
Eghrari AO, Gottsch JD. Fuchs' corneal dystrophy. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2010 Apr;5(2):147-159.
Gottsch JD, Sundin OH, Liu SH, Jun AS, Broman KW, Stark WJ, Vito EC, NarangAK, Thompson JM, Magovern M. Inheritance of a novel COL8A2 mutation defines adistinct early-onset subtype of fuchs corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol VisSci. 2005 Jun;46(6):1934-9.
Riazuddin SA, Vithana EN, Seet LF, Liu Y, Al-Saif A, Koh LW, Heng YM, Aung T, Meadows DN, Eghrari AO, Gottsch JD, Katsanis N. Missense mutations in the sodium borate cotransporter SLC4A11 cause late-onset Fuchs corneal dystrophy. Hum Mutat.2010 Nov;31(11):1261-8. doi: 10.1002/humu.21356.
Riazuddin SA, Zaghloul NA, Al-Saif A, Davey L, Diplas BH, Meadows DN, Eghrari AO, Minear MA, Li YJ, Klintworth GK, Afshari N, Gregory SG, Gottsch JD, Katsanis N. Missense mutations in TCF8 cause late-onset Fuchs corneal dystrophy andinteract with FCD4 on chromosome 9p. Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Jan;86(1):45-53. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.001.
Vithana EN, Morgan PE, Ramprasad V, Tan DT, Yong VH, Venkataraman D,Venkatraman A, Yam GH, Nagasamy S, Law RW, Rajagopal R, Pang CP, KumaramanickevelG, Casey JR, Aung T. SLC4A11 mutations in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy.Hum Mol Genet. 2008 Mar 1;17(5):656-66.
Wright AF, Dhillon B. Major progress in Fuchs's corneal dystrophy. N Engl JMed. 2010 Sep 9;363(11):1072-5. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1007495.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Camila Xu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The Genes Associated with Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References