Topic Review
Basic Principles of Cryopreservation of Cells and Tissues
Cryopreservation refers to the technique of storing biological materials at below-zero temperatures, slowing the rate of degradation to ensure minimal loss in function; this practice has wide-reaching applications, including basic biological research, agriculture and food industry, and medicine.
  • 2
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lifestyle Interventions as Secondary Stroke Prevention Measures
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, but it has been shown in several observational studies and systematic reviews to be a highly preventable disease. Lifestyle modifications are essential to national/international guidelines and recommendations for secondary stroke prevention.
  • 2
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Melanoma and Basal Cell Carcinoma
Skin cancer is a common, preventable condition of global importance. Different types of skin cancer, like melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, have various risk factors, including UV exposure and genetics. Identifying these risk factors is crucial for targeting early detection and nuanced treatment.
  • 53
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Classification of Tumor in Brain Magnetic Resonance Images
Brain tumors can cause serious health complications and lead to death if not detected accurately. Therefore, early-stage detection of brain tumors and accurate classification of types of brain tumors play a major role in diagnosis. Timely detection, diagnosis, and classification of brain tumors have been instrumental in effective treatment planning for the recovery and life extension of the patient. Brain tumor detection is a procedure to differentiate the abnormal tissues for example active tumor tissue, edema tissue from normal tissues for example gray matter, white matter.
  • 1
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Integrated Fabry–Perot Cavities: A Quantum Leap in Technology
Integrated Fabry–Perot cavities (IFPCs), often referred to as nanobeams due to their form factor and size, have profoundly modified the landscape of integrated photonics as a new building block for classical and quantum engineering. In this entry, the main properties of IFPCs will be summarized from the classical and quantum point of view. The classical will provide some of the main results obtained in the last decade, whereas the quantum point of view will exp
  • 84
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Crowdsourcing Update Methods for High-Definition Maps
High-definition (HD) maps serve as crucial infrastructure for autonomous driving technology, facilitating vehicles in positioning, environmental perception, and motion planning without being affected by weather changes or sensor-visibility limitations.
  • 3
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry)
The Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, also known as Maqui, is an endemic berry native to southern Chile. It is a very popular berry for its nutritional attributes and health benefits, provided mainly by its polyphenols.
  • 25
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Fungal Control Through the Hygiene Process
Contamination caused by fungi stands out as a significant microbiological issue in the food industry, particularly leading to premature spoilage across various food segments, including the dry-fermented meat industry. The emergence of undesired fungi on product surfaces results in substantial economic losses. Once microorganisms infiltrate the food, contamination ensues, and their subsequent proliferation can adversely impact the product’s appearance, odor, flavor, and texture. This, in turn, leads to consumer rejection and negatively affects the commercial brand. Additionally, concerns persist regarding the potential presence of mycotoxins in these products. Given the detrimental effects of spoilage fungi in the food industry, practices such as thorough cleaning and sanitization become crucial to prevent contamination and subsequent premature deterioration. These measures play a pivotal role in ensuring the quality and safety of food, while also extending the shelf life of products.
  • 13
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Logic Gates and Molecular Logic Gates
Logic gates are devices used to perform binary arithmetic and logical operations and thus constitute the basis of modern computers. They perform Boolean logic operations on one or more inputs to produce an output. Molecular switches convert input stimulations into output signals. Therefore, the principles of binary logic can be applied to the signal transduction operated by molecular switches. The presence of various ions, neutral species, pH, temperature, and viscosity, among many others, result in color or emission changes due to the complex interplay of many excited state processes and environmental parameters. In this entry, basic logic gates are defined, and their types are given, while examples of molecular logic gates are also presented.
  • 10
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Health Risks of Children in Marathon Races
Compared with other sports, running is popular sport for children throughout the world. Over the last few decades, marathon running has become increasingly popular even in the age group below 18 years. While the majority of youth athletes fall within the 16–18 age range, it is noteworthy that there are also participants younger than 12 years engaging in marathon races. Advice on the safety of youth athletes participating in these events is frequently sought by parents, coaches, sport scientists, and medical professionals, particularly concerning potential short- and long-term health consequences. The act of marathon running has the potential to impact key organ systems during the crucial phases of growth and development. To ensure the safety of marathon running in youth runners, it is essential to address multiple physiological and psychological aspects of health. These recommendations are directed towards ensuring the safe participation of youth athletes in marathon races through proper and individualized assessments.
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  • 28 Mar 2024
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