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Topic Review
3D Biometrics
Biometrics have been used to identify humans since the 19th century. Over time, these biometrics became 3D. The main reason for this was the growing need for more features in the images to create more reliable identification models. Three main categories of 3D biometrics were identified. These were face, hand and gait. The corresponding percentages for these categories were 74.07%, 20.37% and 5.56%, respectively. The face is further categorized into facial, ear, iris and skull, while the hand is divided into fingerprint, finger vein and palm. In each category, facial and fingerprint were predominant, and their respective percentages were 80% and 54.55%. The use of the 3D reconstruction algorithms was also determined. These were stereo vision, structure-from-silhouette (SfS), structure-from-motion (SfM), structured light, time-of-flight (ToF), photometric stereo and tomography. Stereo vision and SfS were the most commonly used algorithms with a combined percentage of 51%. The state of the art for each category and the available datasets are also presented. Finally, multimodal biometrics, generalization of 3D reconstruction algorithms and anti-spoofing metrics are the three areas that should attract scientific interest for further research. 
  • 860
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
3D Estimation Using an Omni-Camera and a Spherical-Mirror
There is a novel approach for estimating the 3D information of an observed scene utilizing a monocular image based on a catadioptric imaging system employing an omnidirectional camera and a spherical mirror. Researchers aim to develop a method that is independent of learning and makes it possible to capture a wide range of 3D information using a compact device.
  • 288
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
3D Interaction
In computing, 3D interaction is a form of human-machine interaction where users are able to move and perform interaction in 3D space. Both human and machine process information where the physical position of elements in the 3D space is relevant. The 3D space used for interaction can be the real physical space, a virtual space representation simulated in the computer, or a combination of both. When the real space is used for data input, humans perform actions or give commands to the machine using an input device that detects the 3D position of the human action. When it is used for data output, the simulated 3D virtual scene is projected onto the real environment through one output device or a combination of them.
  • 934
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
3D Measurement of High-Reflective Surfaces
The reflection phenomenon exhibited by highly reflective surfaces considerably affects the quality of captured images, thereby rendering the task of structured light (SL) 3D reconstruction.
  • 203
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
3D Models of Oblique Photography Watermarking Algorithm
With the rapid development of oblique photogrammetry technology based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), 3D models of oblique photography (3DMOP) are playing an increasingly significant role in the establishment of digital cities and twin watersheds, due to their huge advantages such as high accuracy, clear texture information, virtual simulation capability, etc. igital watermarking, an important branch of data hiding, has played an important role in security protection of digital products, such as digital images, CAD graphics, remote sensing images, vector maps, etc., and a huge amount of research results have been obtained.
  • 83
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
3D Object Detection Methods
Effective environmental perception is critical for autonomous driving; thus, the perception system requires collecting 3D information of the surrounding objects, such as their dimensions, locations, and orientation in space.
  • 216
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
3D Object Detection with Differential Point Clouds
3D object detection based on point clouds has many applications in natural scenes, especially in autonomous driving. Point cloud data provide reliable geometric and depth information. 
  • 496
  • 24 Dec 2022
Topic Review
3D Photorealistic Human Body Modelling and Reconstruction Techniques
The continuous evolution of video technologies is now primarily focused on enhancing 3D video paradigms and consistently improving their quality, realism, and level of immersion. Both the research community and the industry work towards improving 3D content representation, compression, and transmission. Their collective efforts culminate in the striving for real-time transfer of volumetric data between distant locations, laying the foundation for holographic-type communication (HTC). 
  • 175
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
3D Point Cloud Classification
Three-dimensional (3D) point cloud classification methods based on deep learning have good classification performance. The 3D point cloud is mainly collected by light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanner, red, green, blue, and depth (RGB-D) camera, and other sensor equipment or obtained by model conversion using computer software.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
3D Printed Nonlinear Musculoskeletal Actuator
A nature-inspired musculoskeletal-actuator system is developed using 3d printing for robotic applications. The actuator resembles the rigid segments and the soft-rigid interaction architecture found in limbless vertebrates such as snakes. The rigid segments provide an increase in the range of motion while maintaining structural durability and stability. The soft-rigid interactions provided a remarkable increase in energy transmission and storage, which enhanced the reliability of the musculoskeletal-actuator. Additionally, passive structural stiffness and damping control are achieved. Similar to a muscular system, our musculoskeletal-actuator is capable of increasing its stiffness and damping up to 100% and 60%, respectively, upon load lifting.
  • 593
  • 28 Mar 2022
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