Topic Review
Micro-Grid Communication Protocols and Standards
A microgrid is a comprehensive system that includes energy storage, different energy sources, and loads within a certain boundary. It functions seamlessly, whether it is linked to, or works independently from, the main electrical grid, ensuring a consistent power supply. Microgrids consist of distributed energy resources (DER) and loads, which may be located in one place or spread throughout an electrical distribution network.
  • 93
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Faults in a Photovoltaic System
Photovoltaic systems are prone to breaking down due to harsh conditions. In photovoltaic systems, various types of faults can cause power loss in some way. To improve the reliability of these systems, diagnostic methods using Machine Learning (ML) have been developed. 
  • 43
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Centralized vs. Decentralized Electric Grid Resilience
Escalating events such as extreme weather conditions, geopolitical incidents, acts of war, cyberattacks, and the intermittence of renewable energy resources pose substantial challenges to the functionality of global electric grids. Consequently, research on enhancing the resilience of electric grids has become increasingly crucial. Concurrently, the decentralization of electric grids, driven by a heightened integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the imperative for decarbonization, has brought about significant transformations in grid topologies.
  • 55
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Multilevel Inverters in  Battery Electric Vehicles
All electric vehicles are the only way to decarbonize transport quickly and substantially. Although multilevel inverters have already been used in some transportation modes, they are rarely used in road transportation, especially in light-duty passenger battery electric vehicles (BEVs). With the transition to a high 800-V DC link to extend the driving range and enable extreme fast charging, the possibility of using multilevel inverters in commercial light-duty passenger BEVs becomes feasible. Higher efficiency, higher power density, better waveform quality, lower switching frequency, the possibility of using low-rated switches, and inherent fault tolerance are known advantages of multilevel inverters that make them an efficient option for replacing 2-level inverters in high DC link passenger BEVs.
  • 642
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Interconnected Smart Transactive Microgrids
Smart transactive microgrids (STMs) are defined as specialized microgrid systems that can autonomously regulate the generation, storage, and consumption of electricity among a network of users within a localized area. They enhance both economic and environmental efficiency by employing real-time pricing mechanisms and digital technologies. In a more general sense, STMs can be considered as a subset of microgrids (MGs) that incorporate principles of transactive energy, along with energy and information sharing among consumers. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) initially conceptualized this idea in the early 2000s, inaugurating the Grid Wise program in 2005 to modernize the national electric grid, which included the advancement of transactive energy systems.
  • 36
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Open Radio Access Networks
The open radio access network (RAN) aims to bring openness and intelligence to the traditional closed and proprietary RAN technology and offer flexibility, performance improvement, and cost-efficiency in the RAN’s deployment and operation.
  • 130
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Denoising Techniques for High-Performance MEMS Microphones
The MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) microphone is a representative device among the MEMS family, which has attracted substantial research interest, and those tailored for human voice have earned distinct success in commercialization. With the advancement of microphone technology and the market, microphones have become carriers for various intelligent applications, therefore demanding higher criteria in noise suppression. For instance, a hearing aid should suppress ambient noise while delivering relevant sounds to the user. Additionally, in specific environments, the noise performance of microphones is crucial for communication and intelligent voice-related needs such as voice activation and speech recognition.
  • 114
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Contacts at the Nanoscale
Contact scaling is a major challenge in nano complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology, as the surface roughness, contact size, film thicknesses, and undoped substrate become more problematic as the technology shrinks to the nanometer range. These factors increase the contact resistance and the nonlinearity of the current–voltage characteristics, which could limit the benefits of the further downsizing of CMOS devices. 
  • 67
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Lead–Acid Battery Faults
Lead–acid battery technology has been effectively fulfilling a variety of energy needs, ranging from classic car industry requirements to current plug-in hybrid electric vehicle requirements through any stationary system. Depending on the operating conditions, the battery can be affected in many ways. The same deterioration mechanisms affect all types of lead–acid batteries but to varying degrees. Two electrodes with the aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte (sulfuric acid) and the terminals are the main components of a lead–acid battery. A grid and the active material—PbO2 as the positive active material and Pb as the negative active material—make up the electrodes.
  • 90
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Integration with the Saudi Electricity Grid
Due to uncertain photovoltaic (PV) power generation, analyzing the voltage stability of transmission networks with a large PV plant is challenging. The stability of PV output power is a critical factor in establishing PV penetration levels in active transmission networks when assessing loading capabilities. 
  • 38
  • 29 Feb 2024
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