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Topic Review
Infections in Disorders of Immune Regulation
Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) constitute a spectrum of inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) that are primarily characterized by autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, atopy, and malignancy. In PIRDs, infections are infrequent compared to other IEIs. While susceptibility to infection primarily stems from antibody deficiency, it is sometimes associated with additional innate immune and T or NK cell defects. The use of immunotherapy and chemotherapy further complicates the immune landscape, increasing the risk of diverse infections. Recurrent sinopulmonary infections, particularly bacterial infections such as those associated with staphylococcal and streptococcal organisms, are the most reported infectious manifestations. Predisposition to viral infections, especially Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-inducing lymphoproliferation and malignancy, is also seen. Notably, mycobacterial and invasive fungal infections are rarely documented in these disorders. Knowledge about the spectrum of infections in these disorders would prevent diagnostic delays and prevent organ damage. 
  • 64
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Management Plan according to EOSS-P
hildhood obesity, affecting 29% of 7–9-year-olds across 33 European countries, is a significant public health challenge. Its persistence into adulthood poses grave health risks influenced by genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Belgium introduced a new care pathway in December 2023, based on the Edmonton Obesity Staging System for Pediatrics (EOSS-P), addressing four health domains and staging obesity severity. This pathway operates across three levels: primary care physicians, Paediatric Multidisciplinary Obesity Management Centres (PMOCs), and Centers of Expertise for Paediatric Obesity Management (CEPOs). Each stage of EOSS-P demands tailored interventions. Early stages involve dietary interventions, physical activity promotion, and behavior modifications. As obesity severity progresses, treatments intensify, encompassing psychological support, anti-obesity medications, and, in some cases, bariatric surgery.
  • 43
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Diet and Nutritional Interventions in Early Life
The infant gut microbiome plays a key role in the healthy development of the human organism and appears to be influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. First, maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Moreover, breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants the gut microbiota development is influenced by multiple factors, including the time since birth and the intake of breast milk, and interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics supplementation show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population.
  • 51
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Primary Stabbing Headache in Children and Adolescents
Primary Stabbing Headache (PSH) is characterized by brief, focal, and paroxysmal pain (“stab”), occurring sporadically or in clusters. Data on pediatric cases are poor. The prevalence of PSH and probable PSH varies from 2.5 to 10% among children with primary headaches and it is higher among children aged less than 6 years old. The mean age of onset is between 7 and 11 years of age. Attack duration greatly varies, ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. The intensity of pain is usually from moderate to severe. Associated symptoms are infrequent but may be observed (mainly photophobia, vertigo, nausea, and vomiting). Neuroradiological findings are usually unremarkable; Electroencephalographic (EEG) may show sporadic epileptiform abnormalities (up to 30% of cases). Preventive therapy is anecdotal, including treatment with indomethacin, trazodone, valproate, and amitriptyline.
  • 81
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bathing in Atopic Dermatitis in Pediatric Age
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. The treatment plays an important role in influencing the patients’ quality of life. The basic management consists of appropriate skin cleansing, including bathing and eventually using bathing additives. Recommendations regarding frequency and duration of bathing, water temperature and usefulness of bathing additives are widely different, often leading to confusion among patients. 
  • 139
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pancreatic Trauma in Children and Its Early Diagnosis
Blunt pancreatic injury (BPI) is relatively uncommon in children, and is associated with relatively high morbidity and mortality, especially if diagnosis is delayed. Blunt trauma represents the primary cause of pancreatic injury in the pediatric population. Pancreatic trauma in children remains a major challenge for emergency physicians as well as general and pediatric surgeons. Its rate of occurrence is 0.2–2%, and it contributes to 0.3% of all childhood injuries.
  • 45
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Sleep Respiratory Disorders
Exposure to risk factors in youth can exacerbate the development of future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), characterized by repetitive episodes of airway obstructions, could trigger said CVD acting as a modifiable risk factor. Measurements from echocardiography have shown impairments in the anatomy and function of the heart related to the severity of OSA.
  • 44
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia not present or incubating at the time of admission and occurring after more than 48 hours of mechanical ventilation (MV). This is the second-most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). VAP is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, an increased length of stay in the NICU and hospital costs.
  • 71
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Microbiota in Newborn from Birth to Weaning
Nutrients play a crucial role in enriching and diversifying the microbiota, derived not only from solid food but also from maternal dietary patterns during gestation.
  • 147
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Vitamin D
Vitamin D metabolism manifests significant changes in pregnant women in comparison to the non-pregnant state, but several questions about the role of vitamin D in pregnancy remain unanswered. Vitamin D deficiency has been reported among pregnant women and nursing mothers globally, constituting a risk group for vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy has been associated not only with pregnancy outcomes but also with the posterior physical and mental health of the offspring.
  • 60
  • 11 Jan 2024
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