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Topic Review
Zinc Supplementation on Nutritional Status in CKD
Zinc is one of the most important and essential trace elements required by all living organisms for many physiologic functions, with three major biological roles catalytic, structural and regulatory ones. It is the second most abundant metal in mammalian tissues, after iron, with almost 90% of that found in muscle and bone. Likewise, the cellular Zn2+ concentrations are nearly as high as those of major metabolites like the ATP. Zinc is an essential cofactor that influences the expression and activity of numerous enzymes, transcription factors and regulatory proteins.
  • 500
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Zinc Nutritional Status in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Zinc is an essential nutrient for all forms of life and its deficiency affects the normal growth and development of human beings. Zinc deficiency can be both inherited and acquired. Although severe zinc deficiency is extremely uncommon in European populations, marginal deficiency may be much more prevalent and is associated with immune system dysfunction and restricted physical development. Serum zinc concentration (SZC)  was associated with the nutritional status, expressed as BMI (Body Mass Index) and weight-for-height score, and dietary zinc intake with energy intake and weight-for-height score. No patient with hypozincemia had dietary zinc deficiency. 
  • 546
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
Wilms tumor (or nephroblastoma) is a malignant and solid neoplasm that derives from the primitive renal bud. It represents the most frequent primary tumor of the urogenital tract in childhood, and treatment consists of surgery and chemo-radiotherapy. 
  • 159
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Whole Goat Milk Formula
Whole goat milk can be used as a source of protein, fat and lactose to manufacture infant, follow-on and young child formulas. The use of whole goat milk without adjustment of the whey:casein ratio results in a formula with an average of 50% of its lipids from goat milk fat, supplying palmitic acid (including at the sn-2 position), short and medium chain fatty acids, milk fat globule membrane and cholesterol.
  • 792
  • 24 Nov 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Vibroacoustic Pollution in the Neonatal Ward
Excessive noise pollution is often a problem for neonatal nurseries. Noise pollution involves not only noise but also vibrations. The main difference between them is that noise can be heard, and vibrations are felt. The human ear cannot detect waves outside the range of 20 Hz–20 KHz. Waves from 0 Hz to 80–100 Hz should be considered vibrations. Both can be transmitted to the neonate through the incubator’s operational mechanisms and other noise sources. Neonatal units’ noise is well studied but very little is known about vibration. This entry focuses on the importance of vibrations reaching the inside of incubators in neonatal nurseries.
  • 477
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia not present or incubating at the time of admission and occurring after more than 48 hours of mechanical ventilation (MV). This is the second-most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). VAP is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, an increased length of stay in the NICU and hospital costs.
  • 73
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
VA ECMO use in Pediatric
In children with severe advanced heart failure where medical management has failed, mechanical circulatory support in the form of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) or ventricular assist device represents life-sustaining therapy.The two primary forms of mechanical circulatory support are veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) and ventricular assist devices (VAD). The two technologies have unique advantages and disadvantages and could be considered as complementary devices and, at times, used in sequence as the clinical scenario dictates.
  • 497
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes with Metabolic Syndrome in Youth
In the frame of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes emerges along a continuum of the risk from the clustering of all its components, namely visceral obesity, high blood pressure and lipids, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance is the hallmark common to all the components and, in theory, is a reversible condition. Nevertheless, the load that this condition can exert on the β-cell function at the pubertal transition is such as to determine its rapid and irreversible deterioration leading to plain diabetes.
  • 233
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Twin-to-twin Transfusion Syndrome
The study aims to expound upon the imaging-based diagnostic methodologies aimed at identifying twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a serious, somewhat rare prenatal condition which takes place in pregnancies where identical twins, or other multiples, share a placenta (monochorionic placenta), and highlighting how medico-legal outcomes can be affected by provable compliance with consolidated diagnostic best practices. In that regard, case law databases have been pored over (Justia, Lexis, Leagle), and five significant court cases have been examined and discussed, in an attempt to identify objective medico-legal standards of good practice and bring to the forefront relevant forensic dynamics. It is of utmost importance to produce a prompt diagnosis of TTTS: an early diagnosis is in fact critical in order to effectively treat and manage TTTS. By virtue of TTTS being a highly progressive condition, a delay in diagnosis can result in disastrous outcomes: just a few weeks delay in the diagnosis of TTTS can turn out fatal for both twins. Hence, most TTTS malpractice claims involve allegations of medical negligence: namely the failure to recognize the condition in a timely fashion, or to proceed with adequate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways.
  • 491
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Triggers of Pediatric Migraine
There are three triggers or risk factors for migraines in children and adolescents: stress, sleep poverty, and alimentation (including diet and obesity). Clinicians should advise patients to avoid certain triggers, such as stress and sleep disorders, and make a few conservative dietary changes.
  • 347
  • 26 Oct 2021
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