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Topic Review
Spodoptera frugiperda and Prostephanus truncatus Biological Invasions' Impacts
Invasive alien species have environmental, economic and social impacts, disproportionally threatening the livelihood and food security of smallholder farmers in low- and medium-income countries. In most cases, farmers and governments often invest huge sums of money towards synthetic pesticides, the major and first control option used against invading pests, seldom trading off other important sectors, e.g., healthcare and education. Given pesticide resistance, many of these insecticides are often ineffectiv. Furthermore, resource-poor farmers in developing countries usually cannot afford personal protective equipment and lack the knowledge and understanding of chemical pesticides and their safe use, which compromises their proper use and risks exposure to toxic substances, resulting in accidental poisonings. Widespread and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides also undermine environmental quality (biodiversity loss and pollution of air and water) and the pest control services provided by natural enemies. Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), two of the most important field and postharvest IAS, respectively, that have invaded Africa. 
  • 175
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Isolation of Entomopathogenic Bacteria and Entomopathogenic Fungi
Entomopathogenic bacteria and fungi are quite frequently found in soils and insect cadavers. The first step in utilizing these microbes as biopesticides is to isolate them, and several culture media and insect baiting procedures have been tested in this direction. 
  • 78
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Biological Experimental Setup Using Engineering Tools
Despite their diminutive neural systems, insects exhibit sophisticated adaptive behaviors in diverse environments. An insect receives various environmental stimuli through its sensory organs and selectively and rapidly integrates them to produce an adaptive motor output. Living organisms commonly have this sensory-motor integration, and attempts have been made to elucidate this mechanism biologically and reconstruct it through engineering.
  • 61
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Cladosporium Entomopathogenicity
The range of interactions between Cladosporium, a ubiquitous fungal genus, and insects, a class including about 60% of the animal species, is extremely diverse. Conventionally, Cladosporium species are not considered full-right representatives of the guild of entomopathogens, which is generally restricted to specialized fungi such as Beauveria, Metarhizium and Lecanicillium/Akanthomyces. However, like other fungi that are widely associated with crops such as Trichoderma and Talaromyces, the evidence is increasing that Cladosporium may also infect insects and cause epizootics in pest populations or promote plant defense reactions.
  • 63
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Chitosan as a Control Tool for Insect Pest
Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin that gained much attention due to its biological activities. Chitosan can be produced by the exoskeleton of arthropods (crustaceans and insects) and structural membranes and spores of fungi. Its application has spread to many sectors, including pharmaceutical, medical, veterinary, food and agricultural. In the latter one, chitosan is applied to improve the interaction between plants and microorganisms and metabolisms of plants, fruits and germination. In addition, chitosan is demonstrated to enhance the availability and stabilization of insecticides and essential oils. Several chitosan formulations were studied as tools for insect pest control.
  • 183
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Plant Volatile-Sensing Mechanism of Insects
Plants and insects are engaged in a tight relationship, with phytophagous insects often utilizing volatile organic substances released by host plants to find food and egg-laying sites. Using plant volatiles as attractants for integrated pest management is vital due to its high efficacy and low environmental toxicity. Using naturally occurring plant volatiles combined with insect olfactory mechanisms to select volatile molecules for screening has proved an effective method for developing plant volatile-based attractant technologies.
  • 69
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Monarch Population Dynamics in Western North America
The Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758), in western North America appears to be undergoing a period of flux in terms of population size and ecology.
  • 101
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Tryptophan and Proline Oxidation Products in Adipokinetic Hormones
Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) regulate important physiological processes in insects. AKHs are short peptides with blocked termini and Trp in position 8. Often, proline occupies position 6. Few post-translational modifications have been found, including hydroxyproline ([Hyp6]) and kynurenine (Kyn). Researchers' latest data suggest that the Hyp- and Kyn-containing AKHs occur more often than originally thought and researchers investigated if they are natural or artifactual. Experimental evidence indicated that Hyp occurs endogenously in insect corpora cardiaca.
  • 153
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Phenological Mapping of Invasive Insects
Phenological maps can depict the development and seasonal activities (phenology) of invasive insects at area-wide scales, such as counties, states, or entire nations. When regularly updated using real-time and forecast climate data, these maps may improve the timeliness of early detection and control tactics that target specific life stages. Rapid responses to invasive insects may increase the likelihood that populations are eradicated or controlled before they can spread or increase in size. Phenological maps may also be used to assess pest establishment risk, investigate pest–host interactions, and measure climate-driven changes in pest phenology.
  • 128
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Phylosymbiotic Relationship between Insects and Symbionts
Insects harbor diverse assemblages of bacterial and fungal symbionts, which play crucial roles in host life history. Insects and their various symbionts represent a good model for studying host–microbe interactions. Phylosymbiosis is used to describe an eco-evolutionary pattern, providing a new cross-system trend in the research of host-associated microbiota. The phylosymbiosis pattern is characterized by a significant positive correlation between the host phylogeny and microbial community dissimilarities.
  • 113
  • 15 Dec 2023
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