Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Wood-Eating Insects and Wood Eaters
Dead wood is rich in sugars and can serve as an energy source when digested, but it lacks other nutrients, preventing the growth, development, and maturation of saproxylophages. Prokaryotic N fixation partially mitigates the limitations on saproxylophages by the scarcity of N, often the most limiting nutrient, what does not mitigate co-limitation by other physiologically essential nutrients. Fungal transport can shape nutrient dynamics early in wood decay, rearranging extremely scarce nutritional composition of dead wood environment during its initial stage of decomposition and assisting saproxylophage growth and development. This nutritional enrichment of dead wood creates a nutritional niche for xylophages that allows them to grow, develop, and reach maturity. Therefore, xylophagous insects (considered as “wood-eaters”) are unable to gather the necessary amounts of nutritional elements from pure dead wood to grow and mature, but instead must utilize fungal tissues.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
White Mango Scale
The white mango scale (WMS) insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a polyphagous, multivoltine pest which is a serious threat to qualitative mango production and export. The WMS insect sucks sap from leaves, branches and fruits. The heavy infestation of this pest may cause the falling of young leaves, drying up of twigs, poor flowering, and, finally, reduce the quality of fruits by producing pink spots on fruits’ surface.
  • 394
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Venom Components of Imported Fire Ant Venom
In the United States, imported fire ants are often referred to as red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren, black imported fire ants, S. richteri Forel, and their hybrid (S. invicta × S. richteri). Due to their aggressive stings and toxic venom, imported fire ants pose a significant threat to public health, agriculture, and ecosystem health.
  • 223
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Vector Competency and Oxidative Stress in Arthropods
Blood-feeding arthropods, particularly ticks and mosquitoes are considered the most important vectors of arthropod-borne diseases affecting humans and animals. Vector competence (also termed vector potential) refers to the ability of arthropods to transmit pathogens, which is greatly influenced by the genetic and/or other intrinsic factors of arthropod vectors. Additionally, it is also governed by the factors exerted by hosts themselves during pathogen inoculation, development, and propagation in particular hosts. During an infection, ROS have pivotal roles in the triangular relationship among vectors, pathogens, and hosts and may influence the triad either positively or negatively. A pluripotent molecule isolated from the salivary glands of H. longicornis, called longistatin, plays a central role in the feeding and development of ticks  and has been elegantly shown to ameliorate cellular ROS production in human endothelial cells, making it a key molecule in the survival of hard ticks. On the other hand, the acquisition of pathogens into a vector also induces modification of the normal ROS production resulting in oxidative stress to arthropod cells, which ultimately is being utilized by hematophagous arthropods to eliminate invading pathogens.
  • 265
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Understanding Invasion, Ecological Adaptations, Management of Bactrocera dorsalis
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the oriental fruit fly, is a highly destructive pest that globally infests fruits and vegetables, resulting in significant annual economic losses. Initially detected in Taiwan Island, it has rapidly expanded its distribution range to various regions in mainland China since the 1980s, with a continuous northward spread. To mitigate the damage caused by this pest, extensive efforts have been undertaken to comprehend its ecological and physiological adaptations and develop management strategies.
  • 294
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tryptophan and Proline Oxidation Products in Adipokinetic Hormones
Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) regulate important physiological processes in insects. AKHs are short peptides with blocked termini and Trp in position 8. Often, proline occupies position 6. Few post-translational modifications have been found, including hydroxyproline ([Hyp6]) and kynurenine (Kyn). Researchers' latest data suggest that the Hyp- and Kyn-containing AKHs occur more often than originally thought and researchers investigated if they are natural or artifactual. Experimental evidence indicated that Hyp occurs endogenously in insect corpora cardiaca.
  • 147
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Synanthropic Flies
The significance of non-blood feeding cyclorrhaphan flies with some synanthropic, dipteran families (i.e., Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae) in transmitting pathogens to humans and their food sources needs a lot of focused research. People often overlook the small things in life. However, they can have a major impact on things that they have contacted. Synanthropic flies have been ignored in most epidemiological studies and models. An attempt has been made in this research to convince you that synanthropic flies can play and do play a major role in transmitting numerous pathogens to humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. The majority of zoonoses have been reported to take place between wildlife and various synanthropic flies. Prior to the origin of humans, insects evolved around 400 million years ago. They certainly had contact with the feces and mouth secretions of other animals. What took place people may never know but for certain, these flies were involved in the uptake and transmission of the numerous pathogens they acquired with their meal.
  • 682
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stress-Related Hormones in Drosophila melanogaster
The response of living beings to adverse conditions, known as the stress reaction, is a complex mechanism including various signaling pathways and hormones. Some are evolutionarily conserved, such as the insulin signaling pathway, others, such as 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic or juvenile hormones, are taxon-specific in insects. Key components of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects are biogenic amines (dopamine and octopamine), juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic hormone and insulin-like peptides. 
  • 228
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Species and  Distribution of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Hainan
Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne tropical disease impacting populations in tropical regions across the world. Malaria was previously hyperendemic in Hainan Province. Due to large-scale anti-malarial intervention, malaria elimination in the province was achieved in 2019. Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus are primary malaria vectors, mainly distributed in the southern and central areas of Hainan.
  • 380
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Silkworm Bombyx mori
Among insects, the silkworm Bombyx mori occupies a special position, being an excellent lepidopteran species representative of numerous scientific investigations. B. mori was domesticated and developed by human-driven selection from a wild origin since ancient times. Many years ago, silkworm genetic stocks were conserved in research facilitie. The silkworm can be considered from the economic point of view to be one of the most significant insects. It has been providing important benefits to humans, and it has continued developing thanks to its many practical applications, including using it as a model organism for medical purposes.
  • 416
  • 20 Jun 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 8
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback