Topic Review
Large Language Models in Dermatopathology
The potential advantages of Large Language Models (LLMs) include a streamlined generation of pathology reports, the ability to learn and provide up-to-date information, and simplified patient education. Existing instances of LLMs encompass diagnostic support, research acceleration, and trainee education. Challenges involve biases, data privacy and quality, and establishing a balance between AI and dermatopathological expertise. Prospects include the integration of LLMs with other AI technologies to improve diagnostics and the improvement of multimodal LLMs that can handle both text and image input. 
  • 46
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Deciphering Childhood Rosacea
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can affect the skin and eyes. The pathogenesis of rosacea is complex and related to interactions between genetic and environmental factors, the dysregulation of innate and acquired immune systems, the dysregulation of nerves and blood vessels, and the imbalance of the skin microbiota, particularly the overgrowth of Demodex mites.
  • 37
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Galli–Galli Disease
Galli–Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous macules, papules, and reticulate hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. A distinct atypical variant exists, which features brown macules predominantly on the trunk, lower limbs, and extremities, with a notable absence of the hallmark reticulated hyperpigmentation in flexural areas.
  • 71
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization
The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis.
  • 61
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Physicochemical Properties and Activities of Catechins
Catechins are bioactive polyphenols and are typically isolated from green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir Roxb). There are a few types of catechins which possess the flavan-3-ol structure consisting of two benzene rings, a heterocycle dihydropyran, and a hydroxyl.
  • 44
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Demodex Mite in Human Skin
Saprophytic mites called Demodex are commonly found on the skin of adult humans. They are primarily present in the folliculosebaceous units of facial skin and are a part of the normal skin microbiota. When present in low numbers, they do not cause any harm. However, their increased density has been linked to certain skin disorders. For instance, Demodex infestation is frequently observed in rosacea, raising concerns about its role as a contributing factor in this condition.
  • 212
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Compounds in Preventing and Treating Keloid Scars
Keloid is a disease in which fibroblasts abnormally proliferate and synthesize excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, including collagen and fibronectin, during the healing process of skin wounds, causing larger scars that exceed the boundaries of the original wound. Various phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other plant-derived compounds could modulate different cell signaling pathways associated with the pathogenesis of keloids. For now, many studies are limited to in vitro experiments; additional research and development are needed to proceed to clinical trials. 
  • 63
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Current Targeted Biologics in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating cutaneous disease characterized by a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction that stems from disruption of the skin microbiome and abnormal activation of both the innate and adaptive immune system. 
  • 44
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bitter Phytochemicals in Skin Disease Treatment
Skin diseases represent a global healthcare challenge due to their rising incidence and substantial socio-economic burden. While biological, immunological, and targeted therapies have brought a revolution in improving quality of life and survival rates for certain dermatological conditions, there remains a stringent demand for new remedies. Nature has long served as an inspiration for drug development. Recent studies have identified bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in both skin cell lines and human skin. Additionally, bitter natural compounds have shown promising benefits in addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and even skin cancer. Thus, TAS2Rs may represent a promising target in all these processes. 
  • 49
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Emerging Oral Treatments for Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a worldwide prevalence of 1–3% that can be associated with psoriatic arthritis and other comorbidities and causes a significant burden and impairment of health-related quality of life. Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) with a pathogenic admixture of autoinflammatory and autoimmune components and involvement of both innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • 86
  • 17 Feb 2024
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