Topic Review
Algal Evolution
Phylogenetically algae is regarded as polyphyletic as its origin cannot be traced back to single common hypothetical ancestor. However, genomic studies on algae suggest that algae evolved through endosymbiosis giving rise to at least eight to nine phyla over a period of time.
  • 13.3K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Black Ginseng
Black ginseng is a processed ginseng which prepared by  steaming and drying of white or red ginseng  for several times (usually 9). This process resulting in extensive changes in types and amounts of several secondary metabolites. Thus, primary ginsenosides (the main active inredients in ginseng) were transformed into less polar derivatives by steaming. In addition, apparent changes happened to other secondary metabolites such as the increasing  of phenolic compounds, reducing sugars and acidic polysaccharides as well as the decrease in concentrations of free amino acids and total polysaccharides. Furthermore, the presence of some Maillard reaction products like maltol was also engaged. These obvious chemical changes were associated with a noticeable superiority for black ginseng over white and red ginseng in most of the comparative biological studies including anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-Inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and tonic effects.
  • 7.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Protein dynamics
Protein dynamics is a highly complex phenomenon comprising numerous contributions from motions with different mechanisms of action and happening with diverse timescales and amplitudes that highly depend on the system and the local environment.
  • 7.0K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureters, and the kidneys. A diagnosis of a positive UTI is any pathogen with a bacterial load of greater than 100,000 CFU/mL in the urine. A bacterial load under 100,000 CFU/mL is considered a negative UTI result. Escherichia coli (E.coli) is the most common pathogen that infects the urinary tract.
  • 6.3K
  • 10 Aug 2020
Topic Review
G protein-coupled receptor in hepatocytes
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that mediate the function of extracellular ligands. Understanding how GPCRs work at the molecular level has important therapeutic implications, as 30-40% of the drugs currently in clinical use mediate therapeutic effects by acting on GPCRs. Like many other cell types, hepatocyte's function is regulated by GPCRs. A better understanding of the metabolic role of GPCRs in hepatocytes, the dominant constituent cells of the liver, could lead to the development of novel drugs that are clinically useful for the treatment of various metabolic diseases, including Type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, and NASH. 
  • 6.0K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Vascular bundles
Vascular bundles play important roles in transporting nutrients, growth signals, amino acids, and proteins between aerial and underground tissues. 
  • 6.0K
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Melatonin Protects Mitochondria and Adenosine Triphosphate Production
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a ubiquitous, mitochondria-targeted molecule present in all tested eukarya and bacteria. In March 2022, the first discovery of the serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) gene—responsible for the penultimate formation of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) before its final conversion into melatonin — in archaea further consolidates the status of melatonin as a regulator of biomolecular condensates in all three domains of life in the cellular empire. RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2 contain proteins with intrinsically disordered regions that undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of these proteins form membraneless condensates that act as “viral factories” to facilitate and enhance replication. Phase separation of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and rewiring of energy production away from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to favor aerobic glycolysis in cytoplasm. Increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cytoplasm supports viral replication. Melatonin protects mitochondria from damage, maintains adequate levels to disassemble “viral factories”, and prevents suppression of host antiviral immune responses by inhibiting nucleocapsid phase separation via antioxidant-dependent and -independent means.
  • 5.4K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D Synthesis and Metabolism
Vitamin D, conventionally considered a nutrient, is a potent hormone regulating many physiological functions. Vitamin D exists as a prohormone that needs to be transformed into biologically active products that bind to their cognate nuclear receptors to regulate diverse physiological processes.
  • 5.3K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin's Structure and Biological Properties
Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from the South Asian turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has well-characterized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-protein-aggregate, and anticancer properties.
  • 4.9K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Co-Culture System
Co-culture system provides a novel platform to study interaction between different cell types in an in-vitro method. The co-cultures techniques have played key role in the understanding of cell–cell communication and relevant for drug response analysis. 
  • 4.8K
  • 21 Jan 2021
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