Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Bulk Tumor and Single-Cell Multi-Omics
There are insufficient accurate biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Multi-omics regulatory networks in patient bulk tumors and single cells can shed light on molecular disease mechanisms. Integration of multi-omics data with large-scale patient electronic medical records (EMRs) can lead to the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • 408
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Facilitative Sugar Transporters
Facilitative sugar transporters (GLUTs) are passive membrane transporters that are responsible for nearly all of our cells' sugar uptake. They mainly pass glucose and other similar substrates like fructose, mannose, ascorbate, and urate ions. They have been classified into three classes based on structure similarity and substrate affinity.
  • 407
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pin1
Pin1 is one of the three known prolyl-isomerase types and its hepatic expression level is markedly enhanced in the obese state. Pin1 plays critical roles in favoring the exacerbation of both lipid accumulation and fibrotic change accompanying inflammation.
  • 406
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hemoglobinopathy
Hemoglobinopathy is the medical term for a group of inherited blood disorders and diseases that primarily affect red blood cells. They are single-gene disorders and, in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal co-dominant traits. There are two main groups: abnormal structural hemoglobin variants caused by mutations in the hemoglobin genes, and the thalassemias, which are caused by an underproduction of otherwise normal hemoglobin molecules. The main structural hemoglobin variants are HbS, HbE and HbC. The main types of thalassemia are alpha-thalassemia and beta thalassemia. The two conditions may overlap because some conditions which cause abnormalities in hemoglobin proteins also affect their production. Some hemoglobin variants do not cause pathology or anemia, and thus are often not classed as hemoglobinopathies.
  • 406
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cytokine Production in Human Pathology
Cytokines can perform a dual role, being growth promotors or inhibitors and having pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. The complex interactions between cytokines, vascular cells and immune cells are responsible for dramatic conditions and lead to the concept of cytokine storm observed during sepsis, multi-organ failure and in some cases of COVID-19 infection. Cytokines such as interferon and hematopoietic growth factor have been used as therapy. Alternatively, the inhibition of cytokine functions has been largely developed using anti-interleukin or anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of sepsis or chronic inflammation.
  • 406
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Overexpression of CERKL Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium Mitochondria
The precise function of CERKL, a Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) causative gene, is not yet fully understood. There is evidence that CERKL is involved in the regulation of autophagy, stress granule generation and mitochondrial dynamics, and it is considered a resilience gene that protects retinal cells from oxidative stress. Mutations in most RP genes affect photoreceptors, but retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be also affected. Upon oxidative stress conditions, CERKL knockdown causes RPE mitochondrial fragmentation and respiratory metabolism alterations, whereas CERKL overexpression protects mitochondria of RPE cells. Particular retinal phenotypic traits observed in patients carrying CERKL mutations may reflect a combination of photoreceptor and RPE alterations.
  • 405
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Applications of NSCLC Organoid Systems
Lung cancer organoids hold the potential to be used for a variety of different translational research applications. A dynamic model system enables to simulate mechanisms that occur in vivo during cancer growth or under cancer treatment. In particular, the use as a platform for understanding tumor genomic evolution could be of interest, in order to elucidate how under the selective pressure of a given therapy resistance mechanisms develop. Being able to gain a deeper understanding of these processes might allow us to identify alternative treatment strategies for those patients developing resistance, e.g., to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
  • 404
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Interleukin-1β and Type I Interferons
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and type I interferons (IFNs) are major cytokines involved in autoinflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Separately, the overproduction of each of these cytokines is well described and constitutes the hallmark of inflammasomopathies and interferonopathies, respectively. While their interaction and the crosstalk between their downstream signaling pathways has been mostly investigated in the frame of infectious diseases, little information on their interconnection is still available in the context of autoinflammation promoted by sterile triggers.
  • 403
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Toll-like Receptors Mediated Inflammation in Pancreatic Cancer Pathophysiology
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal forms of cancer, characterized by its aggressiveness and metastatic potential. Despite significant improvements in PC treatment and management, the complexity of the molecular pathways underlying its development has severely limited the available therapeutic opportunities. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in inflammation and immune response, as they are involved in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Activation of TLRs initiates a signaling cascade, which in turn, leads to the transcription of several genes involved in inflammation and anti-microbial defense. TLRs are also deregulated in several cancers and can be used as prognostic markers and potential targets for cancer-targeted therapy.
  • 403
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Relationship between Glycocalyx and Tumor Microenvironment
The glycocalyx is a fluffy sugar coat covering the surface of all mammalian cells. While glycocalyx at endothelial cells is a barrier to tumor cell adhesion and transmigration, glycocalyx at tumor cells promotes tumor metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells are the components of tumor microenvironment. They can modify glycocalyx of endothelial and tumor cells, as well as tumor vasculature, extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibroblasts. On the other hand, glycocalyx at both cells mediates the secretion and uptake of EVs that affect tumor microenvironment.
  • 403
  • 11 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 161
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback