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Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Molecules
Antibodies against inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules (ICPMs), referred to as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have gained a prominent place in cancer therapy. Several ICIs in clinical use have been engineered to be devoid of effector functions because of the fear that ICIs with preserved effector functions could deplete immune cells, thereby curtailing antitumor immune responses. ICPM ligands (ICPMLs), however, are often overexpressed on a sizeable fraction of tumor cells of many tumor types and these tumor cells display an aggressive phenotype with changes typical of tumor cells undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, immune cells expressing ICPMLs are often endowed with immunosuppressive or immune-deviated functionalities. Taken together, these observations suggest that compounds with the potential of depleting cells expressing ICPMLs may become useful tools for tumor therapy.
  • 424
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Vicious Cycle of Obesity, Inflammation, and Breast Cancer
Epidemiological studies refer to obesity-associated metabolic changes as a critical risk factor behind the progression of breast cancer. The plethora of signals arising due to obesity-induced changes in adipocytes present in breast tumor microenvironment, significantly affect the behavior of adjacent breast cells. Adipocytes from white adipose tissue are currently recognized as an active endocrine organ secreting different bioactive compounds. However, due to excess energy intake and increased fat accumulation, there are morphological followed by secretory changes in adipocytes, which make the breast microenvironment proinflammatory. This proinflammatory milieu not only increases the risk of breast cancer development through hormone conversion, but it also plays a role in breast cancer progression through the activation of effector proteins responsible for the biological phenomenon of metastasis.
  • 424
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of Apoptotic MSCs or MSC-Derived ApoBDs
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising therapeutic effects both in preclinical studies (in animal models of a wide range of diseases) and in clinical trials. However, the efficacy of MSC-based therapy is not always predictable. Moreover, despite the large number of studies, the mechanisms underlying the regenerative potential of MSCs are not fully elucidated. It has been reliably established that transplanted MSCs can undergo rapid apoptosis and clearance from the recipient’s body, still exhibiting therapeutic effects, especially those associated with their immunosuppressive/immunomodulating properties. The mechanisms underlying these effects can be mediated by the efferocytosis of apoptotic MSCs by host phagocytic cells.
  • 424
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2
Tumor Suppressor Candidate 2 (TUSC2) is an important tumor suppressor that negatively regulates cancer growth and progression in multiple cancer types. TUSC2 also plays a vital role in regulating normal cellular mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, immune regulation and serves as an important factor in premature aging.
  • 425
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MT4-MMP in Cancer Progression
MT4-MMP (or MMP-17) belongs to the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), a distinct subset of the MMP family that is anchored to the cell surface, in this case by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) motif. Its expression in a variety of cancers is well documented.
  • 424
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Insulin-Like Growth Factor System
Aberrant bioactivity of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system results in the development and progression of several pathologic conditions including cancer. Preclinical studies have shown promising anti-cancer therapeutic potentials for anti-IGF targeted therapies. However, a clear but limited clinical benefit was observed only in a minority of patients with sarcomas. The molecular complexity of the IGF system, which comprises multiple regulators and interactions with other cancer-related pathways, poses a major limitation in the use of anti-IGF agents and supports the need of combinatorial therapeutic strategies to better tackle this axis. 
  • 423
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Ursolic Acid Against Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed form of cancer in men worldwide (second to lung cancer). Finding novel approaches to prevent and treat prostate and other urogenital cancers effectively is of major importance. Chemicals derived from plants, such as docetaxel and paclitaxel, have been used in cancer treatment. Ursolic acid, found in high concentrations in cranberries, is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. 
  • 423
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
-Omics Approaches in Studies of Polystyrene MNP Toxicity
The investigation of the toxicity mechanism of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) is a topic of major concern for the scientific community. The use of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has suggested that the main pathways affected by polystyrene (PS) MNPs are related to energy metabolism, oxidative stress, immune response, and the nervous system, both in fishes and aquatic invertebrates. 
  • 423
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Enzyme-mediated Conjugation in Molecular Imaging
Molecular imaging is one of the most fast-developing areas of research. It aims to visualize, characterize, and quantify, in a non-invasive way, processes on molecular or cellular levels in living systems, giving clinicians important information both in the diagnosis and for monitoring the treatment of diseases. Enzymes are powerful tools that efficiently allow the conjugation of proteins under physiological conditions, thus preserving their native structure and activity. Chemoselectivity and site-specificity are also important characteristics of the enzyme-mediated protein conjugation, that allow derivatization of only one type of functional group and to modify a biomolecule at a single defined position (or, in some cases, in a small number of defined positions), respectively. Since nuclear molecular imaging can benefit greatly from the production of homogenous derivatives, enzymatic-based methodologies can be used for the production of site-specific labeled immunoconjugates. 
  • 422
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Passage of H2O2 during Retrograde Signalling
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), generated during photosynthesis, is proposed to both initiate and transduce a retrograde signal in response to photoinhibitory light intensities.
  • 422
  • 25 Feb 2022
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