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Topic Review
Biodiesel Production Process from Yeast Lipids
Renewable sources of energy have been sought due to the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels, such as greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. A promising alternative is biodiesel, particularly when obtained using yeast, as they offer certain advantages over other microorganisms due to their resilience to grow in various conditions, short reproduction times, and lower susceptibility to bacterial infections because they thrive at lower pH levels and have the ability to utilize a wide variety of substrates. Furthermore, biodiesel produced with yeast is composed of methyl ester fatty acids (FAME), providing it with good quality and performance in internal combustion engines, resulting in reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel. The production of biodiesel using yeast involves six general stages, which offer various methodological alternatives with different degrees of sustainability.
  • 84
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Plant-Based Films and Hydrogels for Wound Healing
Skin is constantly exposed to injury and infectious agents that can compromise its structural integrity and cause wounds. When this occurs, microorganisms from the skin microbiota and external bacteria and fungi can penetrate the wound and cause an infection, which complicates the healing process. Nowadays, there are several types of wound dressings available to treat wounds, some of which are incorporated with antimicrobial agents. However, the number of microorganisms resistant to these substances is rising. Therefore, the search for new, natural alternatives such as essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts (PEs) is on the rise. 
  • 57
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Colorimetric Whole-Cell Biosensors
Colorimetric whole-cell biosensors are natural or genetically engineered microorganisms utilized to detect target molecules and ions as indicators of pollutants and biological activity in the environment. Upon detection, within specific concentration ranges which vary depending on the microorganism and its genetic circuitry among other factors, these sensors produce pigments which can be detected with the human eye past certain thresholds and quantified using simple analytical techniques, namely spectrophotometry. These sensors, which can be rendered portable through lyophilization and other methods, provide valuable and reliable substitutes of more demanding analytical ex situ techniques. 
  • 64
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence for Academic Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), encompassing cell and gene therapies, hold immense promise in revolutionizing treatment options for numerous diseases. However, the translation of these innovative therapies from research to clinical practice faces formidable challenges, necessitating the establishment of specialized manufacturing facilities within hospital settings. Hospital-based Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) facilities offer a unique advantage by enabling rapid bench-to-bedside development and direct patient access, yet their implementation necessitates significant adaptation within healthcare infrastructures, constrained by spatial limitations, regulatory requirements, and resource allocation. Key considerations and solutions for overcoming these challenges are paramount for realizing the full potential of ATMPs. Proximity afforded by on-site manufacturing facilitates direct delivery to patients, mitigating risks associated with transportation and ensuring timely access to cutting-edge therapies. Moreover, aligning production schedules with clinical demands enhances flexibility and responsiveness to patient needs. However, the integration of pharmaceutical manufacturing within hospital environments necessitates addressing critical gaps in staff training, documentation practices, and oversight, which are inherent to the highly regulated pharmaceutical industry. Significant investments in infrastructure, specialized equipment, personnel training, and multi-departmental coordination are indispensable for establishing and maintaining robust hospital ATMP facilities. Embracing technological advancements, such as process analytical technology (PAT), continuous manufacturing, and artificial intelligence (AI), holds immense potential in bolstering the efficiency, quality, and safety of ATMP production processes. AI, in particular, offers the capability to analyze vast datasets generated during manufacturing, facilitating real-time prediction of product quality attributes and enabling automated adjustments through feedback control mechanisms. Despite these technological advancements, challenges persist in integrating AI into pharmaceutical manufacturing due to concerns regarding data security, regulatory compliance, and the requisite multidisciplinary collaboration. Successful adoption of AI technologies necessitates simultaneous investment in human capital to ensure effective implementation and governance. Ultimately, the convergence of innovative manufacturing technologies and synergistic partnerships across disciplines is paramount for realizing the transformative potential of ATMPs, ensuring their responsible translation from research to clinical impact while maximizing therapeutic safety and efficacy.
  • 72
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Application of Microbial Cell Factories
Microbial cell factories are becoming a fundamental technology for pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries to satisfy the welfare of an increasing global population and socio-economic development. Microorganisms are used for the production of various products, including carboxylic acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, plant natural products, carotenoids, biogas, and other biofuels. About 52% of FDA-approved chemical entities were naturally derived products during the period of 1981–2006. The production of varied value-added macromolecules and metabolites was witnessed in the last decade by microbial cell factories (MCFs), with titers changing from μg/L to mg/L. Moreover, the introduction of metabolic engineering approaches improved the rate, titer, and yield of industrially vital compounds by manipulating the host metabolism, physiology, stress response, carbon–energy balance, and the annihilation of an undesirable ATP sink. Due to MCFs, the industrial biotechnology sector is increasing expeditiously, and numerous biocommodities are also in production. 
  • 90
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Skin Cancer Survival Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
The advancement in cancer research using high throughput technology and artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining momentum to improve disease diagnosis and targeted therapy. However, the complex and imbalanced data with high dimensionality pose significant challenges for computational approaches and multi-omics data analysis. 
  • 89
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Heterologous Expression and Production of Oxidoreductase Enzymes
Enzymes are biocatalysts with complex structures and specific catalytic mechanisms that determine their distinctive properties, such as high catalytic activity and selectivity of specific substrates. Oxidoreductase (OXR) enzymes are in high demand for biocatalytic applications in the food industry and cosmetics (glucose oxidase (GOx) and cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH)), bioremediations (horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and laccase (LAC)), and medicine for biosensors and miniature biofuel cells (GOx, CDH, LAC, and HRP). Therefore, scientists are still trying to find optimal fermentation formulas and, most recently, also using protein engineering and directed evolution for an additional increase in the yield of recombinant enzyme production. 
  • 68
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Production of Fungal Xylanases
Lignocellulose is the most abundant and renewable plant resource and its utilisation for biotechnological applications has increased over the past few years. Xylan is the second most abundant carbohydrate in plant cell walls that is composed of β-1,4-d-xylopyranosyl units connected with glycosidic bonds. Fungal xylanases degrade this complex structure of xylan present in lignocellulosic substrates. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most economical substrate for the production of fungal xylanases. Fungal xylanases are produced in submerged and solid state fermentations using lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. Production of fungal xylanases is affected by physical and chemical parameters. The bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to industrially important products, i.e., xylooligosaccharides and biofuels, is possible via the application of fungal xylanases. These enzymes also play a key role in enhancing the nutrition and the bio-bleaching of paper and kraft pulp.
  • 125
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges
The release of novel genetically modified (GM) virus applications into the environment for agricultural, veterinary, and nature-conservation purposes poses a number of significant challenges for risk assessors and regulatory authorities. Continuous efforts to scan the horizon for emerging applications are needed to gain an overview of new GM virus applications. In addition, appropriate approaches for risk assessment and management have to be developed and implemented. These approaches need to address pertinent challenges, in particular with regard to the environmental release of GM virus applications with a high probability for transmission and spreading, including transboundary movements and a high potential to result in adverse environmental effects. However, the current preparedness at the EU and international level to assess such GM virus application is limited.
  • 85
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Renewable Feedstocks on PHA Production by Extremophiles
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers with immense potential in addressing the global plastic pollution crisis and advancing sustainable bioplastics production. Extremophiles are capable of utilizing a broad range of carbonaceous substrates for their growth and metabolism. Production of PHA using refined or pure sugar substrates leads to an increase in overall production cost (approximately 30–50%). Thus, the use of renewable feedstocks may reduce the overall cost, provided that the processing of such biomass to generate simple sugars should not be complex and/or expensive. Few studies have shown PHA production by extremophiles fed on renewable feedstocks such as those from agricultural wastes and industrial wastes. Among them, spent cooking oils, crude glycerol, and cheese whey are some of the important and low-cost substrates that come from various industries. In addition, it has been argued that the use of methane by thermophilic methanotrophs results in a reduction of up to 22% in PHA production cost. Other C1 carbon sources such as CO2 can also be used for PHA production. 
  • 77
  • 02 Feb 2024
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