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Topic Review
Application of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS)
As a laser technology, the femtosecond laser is used in biomedical fields due to its excellent performance—its ultrashort pulses, high instantaneous power, and high precision. As a surface treatment process, the femtosecond laser can prepare different shapes on metal surfaces to enhance the material’s properties, such as its wear resistance, wetting, biocompatibility, etc. Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) are a common phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after irradiation by a linearly polarized laser. Surface texturing by laser irradiation can change various materials’ properties and create multifunctional surfaces. Materials can be better applied by customizing functional surfaces.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thermosensitive Gelling Rectal Systems
Thermosensitive gelling system is drug delivery system that becomes a gel at physiological temperature.  The transition sol-gel temperature (Tsol-gel) is below body temperature (<37◦C), making it possible to prepare liquid preparations, which gel back at body temperature. Thermosensitive gelling system could be used to rectal administration. Rectal drug delivery is an effective alternative to oral and parenteral treatments. This route allows for both local and systemic drug therapy. Traditional rectal dosage formulations have historically been used for localised treatments, including laxatives, hemorrhoid therapy and antipyretics. However, this form of drug dosage often feels alien and uncomfortable to a patient, encouraging refusal. Thermosensitive liquid suppositories are easier to administer to the anus as they remain liquid at lower temperatures. In addition, this rectal gel minimize the feeling of a foreign body compared with solid suppositories, does not cause any harm on mucosal layers and act as mucoadhesive to the rectal tissues preventing leakage after administration.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Sustainable Extraction Techniques
The analysis of foods is a comprehensive process of extraction, identification, and quantification of several classes of compounds from natural matrices. The detection and quantification of primary metabolites (sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and lipids), contaminants (toxins, heavy metals, and allergens), and secondary metabolites (polyphenolics, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids) is a crucial practice for ensuring the safety and quality of foods and related functional products. Due to the variable structure of food analytes, a gap in a universal method suitable for the extraction and analysis of all compounds is lacking. Moreover, conventional extractants are usually made of organic solvents and common extraction techniques usually require a long extraction time to exhaust the matrix. The actual discussions about climatic changes provide a growing awareness of the scientific and industrial community to reduce the environmental impact by using sustainable processes. In general, the main principles of “green chemistry” are based on the design of processes aimed to reduce energy consumption and the use of eco-friendly solvents with less toxicity to the environment and human health.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Environmental Samples
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise a group of chemical compounds consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs exhibit hydrophobicity and low water solubility, while some of their members are toxic substances resistant to degradation. Due to their low levels in environmental matrices, a preconcentration step is usually required for their determination. Nowadays, there is a wide variety of sample preparation techniques, including micro-extraction techniques (e.g., solid-phase microextraction and liquid phase microextraction) and miniaturized extraction techniques (e.g., dispersive solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, fabric phase sorptive extraction etc.). 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Interaction of Water and Solutes
Water plays an important role in chemical and biological processes. The interaction of water and solutes is of great significance for understanding the properties of aqueous solutions or bio-systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Main Raw Materials from Pineapple Biomass
Pineapple is a highly demanded fruit in international markets due to its unique appearance and flavor, high fiber content, vitamins, folic acid, and minerals. It makes pineapple production and processing a significant source of income for producing countries. The lignocellulosic biomass obtained from pineapple agro-industrial residues is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; a compilation of information for these three compounds is presented below, with a specific focus on treatments and pretreatments that can be employed to obtain and purify them, as well as the most common applications of each.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Chemical-based Methodologies for Fresh Fish Shelf-Life Extension
Due to its characteristics, fresh fish is a highly perishable food with a very short shelf-life under refrigeration. Several methods have been introduced to slow down its deterioration, such as by means of oxygen depletion of the food package (vacuum packaging), or by changing the natural atmosphere that is in contact with the fresh fish (modified atmosphere packaging), or by the use of chemicals generally recognized as safe: such compounds can be directly applied (by dipping or spraying) or incorporated into packaging materials and slowly migrate to the product, exerting a hurdle effect against microbial development and lipid oxidation (active packaging).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of Silicon Carbide Materials
Silicon carbide (SiC) materials are widely applied in the field of nuclear materials and semiconductor materials due to their excellent radiation resistance, thermal conductivity, oxidation resistance, and mechanical strength. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is an important method to study the properties, preparation, and performance of SiC materials. It has significant advantages at the atomic scale. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Noble Metal Nanoparticles in SERS
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become one of the most attractive analytical techniques due to its versatility and high sensitivity for a variety of analytes like dyes, food additives, pesticides, explosives, DNA, and other biomolecules at very low concentrations. Furthermore, SERS analysis possesses a broad range of properties: it is non-destructive, portable, easy to perform, highly sensitive, fast, cost-effective, and can be used when samples are present in water since the background signal is negligible. SERS substrates may consist of metallic nanoparticles, roughened metallic surfaces, or nanoengineered surfaces with metallic nanoparticles deposited on a solid support.  
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Printed Electronics
Printed electronics are manufactured in a process of registering thin functional material (ink) layer combinations on a low-cost substrate that may be recycled and/or naturally degraded in nature. Correspondingly, the manufacturing process is composed of three complementary stages: material selection, printing and post-printing. The materials for the printed electronics are principally inks of conducting, semiconducting or dielectric characteristics and substrates, which are derived from synthetic or natural polymers.  The inks are transferred with a master through direct contact to the substrate in case of contact printing, while they are deposited onto the substrate typically through nozzles in case of non-contact printing. Posterior to the printing process, it is often necessary to conduct sintering/curing in order to reach the desired functional ink and substrate characteristics. The inks, substrate and the printing technology along with the post printing requirements must be carefully evaluated for quality, repeatability and life-time aspects of the yield.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Aug 2021
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