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Topic Review
Unbiased Expectation Theory
Unbiased expectation theory (UET), which posits that long-term interest rates are determined by the market’s expectations of future short-term interest rates, is a fundamental concept in the field of fixed-income securities. According to the expectation hypothesis, forward interest rates should be unbiased estimates of expected future spot interest rates.
  • 271
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Unabsorbed Slack Resources and Enterprise Innovation
In 1963, Cyert & March defined slack resources as “the difference between total resources needed by the enterprise organization to maintain the status quo and the resources actually possessed by the organization”. There exist different forms of slack resources, such as idle machinery and equipment, surplus cash, extra employees, and semi-finished products in processing.  Technological innovation plays an important role in the success of enterprises and it is a critical factor for them to gain strong short-term market performance and long-term competitive advantage. Due to long cycles, large investments, and high adjustment costs, adequate resource support is essential to ensure the sustainability of innovation activities.
  • 592
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Time Series Prediction for Future Stock Markets
There has been a great deal of attention paid to investors’ stock predictions, leading researchers to propose a variety of models. Time-series-based linear models include the auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), exponential smoothing model (ESM), and generalized auto-regressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH). Stock returns can be difficult to predict because the data are nonstationary or nonlinear in nature, and linear models have trouble capturing their patterns. The linear models are also called statistical models.
  • 416
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Structural Approach of Market Competition
Competition assessment in the economics is based on the theory of market struc-ture. There are two perceptions of industrial competition—dynamical and statical. A statical picture shows—a long-term balance of industrial competition which will exist if the industry would be described as a market entity in perfect competition, having the constant technology [9]. Distorted competition arises from the advantages of various processes, economies of capacity, lower prices, which support greater market power of one against its competitors. Robust approach states—that the market is often imperfect. Distorted competition arises from modern innovation, product derivations, technological advances in production processes. In addi-tion, monopoly situation is volatile because of creative destruction. Whereas factors connected with technological progress and firm innovation are difficult to detect from a dynamic point of view.
  • 616
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Relationship between Capital Structure and Firm Performance
Capital structure is negatively related to firm performance. Agency cost also has a negative impact on corporate performance; however, in the case of return on assets (ROA) and earnings per share (EPS), the relationship is positive. Interestingly, the findings illustrate that increasing the level of debt can reduce agency costs and enhance firm performance. Moreover, robust correlations are revealing that agency cost significantly affects the relationship between capital structure and corporate performance. 
  • 463
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Macroeconomic Effects of a Pandemic in Pakistan
The eruption of COVID-19 has jolted the national and international economy. Pakistan is included, causing millions of people to stay at home, lose their jobs, and suspend or end business operations. Unemployment in Pakistan has reached nearly 25 million people, driving many towards conditions of hunger and poverty as the major economic damage in several sectors is anticipated at around PKR 1.3 trillion. The hardest-affected sectors comprise industries such as tourism and travel, financial markets, entertainment, manufacturing, etc., having a devastating effect on gross domestic product (GDP). It is mainly daily-wage earners and people running small businesses that have been seriously exploited and subjected to a curfew-like situation. 
  • 645
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Intersection of Green Finance and Sustainable Development
Attaining sustainable development goals is a complex process that involves a range of economic, social, and environmental factors. It requires investments in infrastructure, technology, and human capital. In this case, green finance is conducive to channel investments toward sustainable projects and initiatives by providing incentives for environmentally friendly practices and technologies and by encouraging companies and investors to adopt sustainable business models. 
  • 165
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of Sustainability Reporting on Financial Performance
Solving sustainability challenges has become an integral feature of leading companies playing a decisive and pivotal role in reaching the Sustainable Development Goals. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) defined by this Agenda form a conceptually new field of conditions and tasks for enterprises, for the implementation or achievement of which it is necessary to adapt or transform production and management business processes to ensure the implementation of green and socially responsible business models.
  • 393
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of Big Data Credit Technology
As the main force in boosting national economic development, micro and small enterprises (MSEs) play an irreplaceable role in stabilizing economic growth, narrowing the income gap, improving labor productivity, and promoting market competition. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, MSEs are numerous and widely distributed, which creates a broad job market for the labor force in both developing and developed countries. However, credit rationing hindered the effective use of credit resources and weakened MSEs’ incentive to engage in technological innovation and alleviate employment pressure. 
  • 140
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Financial Outcome of Successful Green Innovation
Climate change, pollution of the environment, and the consecutive challenges for the 21st century have been increasingly recognized by governments, policymakers, and industry over the last decade. It is therefore vital to transition from environment- and resource-intensive trajectories to more sustainable growth paths for the global economy. This also requires corporate environmentalism and (green) technological innovation. To realize sustainable growth paths, green innovation and technology diffusion must be financially and commercially attractive to convince corporate decision makers to introduce environmentalism. The current strand of literature on the financial attractiveness of green innovation can be divided into two parts: the traditional view follows Friedman and considers green innovation as firm-value decreasing, while the Porter hypothesis argues that environmental policies, adoption of corporate environmentalism, and green innovation increase profits of firms by reducing costs and increasing revenues. In fact, prior studies provide empirical evidence to support the Porter hypothesis for many cases. Therefore, scholars have suggested intervention by governments to overcome these barriers. Government organizations included environmental issues into their agendas for multiple decades now. As a result, different forms of intervention were introduced, ranging from regulatory (e.g., forced shutdowns or investments) to market-based, economic measures (e.g., supply-push and demand-pull). One of the most important green growth strategies from a governmental perspective is the development of green technologies through appropriate innovation to stimulate corporate environmentalism, particularly green innovation policies.
  • 420
  • 11 Apr 2022
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