Topic Review
Health-Promoting Effects of Bioactive Compounds from  Endophytic Fungi
Plant endophytic fungi reside within the living tissues of plants, forming a unique symbiotic relationship. One of their defining features is their ability to exist within the plant for extended periods, often throughout the plant’s life cycle. They colonize various plant tissues, including leaves, stems, and roots, and display remarkable adaptability to different environmental conditions. Unlike pathogens, they do not provoke an immune response from the host plant, allowing them to maintain a stealthy coexistence. Endophytic fungi have evolved diverse mechanisms to survive within the plant’s internal environment. Some form specialized structures called “microsclerotia” or “sclerotia”, which protect them from adverse conditions. Others produce secondary metabolites, including bioactive compounds, which contribute to their ecological success and their potential to influence plant health
  • 112
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Precision Vaccinology Approaches for Adjuvanted Vaccines
Infection persists as one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality, with particular burden at the extremes of age and in populations who are immunocompromised or suffer chronic co-morbid diseases. By focusing discovery and innovation efforts to better understand the phenotypic and mechanistic differences in the immune systems of diverse vulnerable populations, emerging research in precision vaccine discovery and development has explored how to optimize immunizations across the lifespan. 
  • 155
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Giant Arachnoid Granulations
Arachnoid granulations (AGs) are macroscopically visible arachnoid tissue outpouchings that protrude into bone, dura, and/or dural venous sinuses (DVSs).
  • 134
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Adrenal Gland of Squamata
The adrenal gland is a complex endocrine organ composed of two components: a steroidogenic tissue, which produces steroid hormones, and a chromaffin tissue, which mainly produces norepinephrine and epinephrine. Through evolution, their relationships with each other changed. They begin as isolated chromaffin and steroidogenic cell aggregates, typical of fish, and end with the advanced compact gland, typical of mammals, which consists of an external steroidogenic cortical zone and an internal chromaffin medullary zone. The adrenal gland of reptiles is unique because, with few exceptions, it is near the gonads and genital ducts, and the chromaffin and steroidogenic tissues are closely associated. 
  • 124
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Camelina sativa as an Allelopathic Potential Cover Crop
Camelina sativa, known for its high oil content and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions, exhibits allelopathic potential by releasing chemical compounds that inhibit weed growth. The crop’s vigorous growth and canopy architecture contribute to effective weed suppression, reducing the prevalence and spread of associated pathogens. Furthermore, the chemical compounds released by camelina through the solubilization of compounds from leaves by rain, root exudation, or deriving from microbial-mediated decay of camelina’s tissues interfere with the growth of neighbouring plants, indicating allelopathic interactions. The isolation and identification of benzylamine and glucosinolates as allelochemicals in camelina highlight their role in plant–plant interactions. 
  • 288
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Resveratrol on Distinct Skeletal Muscle Components
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol utilized in Chinese traditional medicine and thought to be one of the determinants of the “French Paradox”. Some groups evidenced its properties as a calorie-restriction mimetic, suggesting that its action passes through the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. Accordingly, the number of studies reporting the beneficial effects of resveratrol on skeletal muscle form and function, in both experimental models and humans, is steadily increasing.
  • 122
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oilseed Crops with Fish Oil-like Levels ω3 LC-PUFA
Omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) play a critical physiological role in health and are nutritionally important for both humans and animals. The abundance of marine-derived resources of the health-benefitting ω3 LC-PUFA is either static or in some cases declining. Alternative source of ω3 LC-PUFA is required to meet the increasing demand. Oilseed crops containing fish oil-levels of ω3 LC-PUFA and importantly also containing a high ω3/ω6 ratio have been developed.
  • 152
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Approaches towards Healthier Meat Products
Meat products are a staple of many diets around the world, but they have been subject to criticism due to their potential negative impact on human health. There has been a growing interest in developing novel approaches to improve the healthy characteristics of meat products, with a particular focus on reducing the levels of harmful salts, lipids, and nitrites. 
  • 158
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Morphologenetic and Molecular Mechanisms in Mammalian Palatogenesis
Palatogenesis is a complex and intricate process involving the formation of the palate through various morphogenetic events highly dependent on the surrounding context. These events comprise outgrowth of palatal shelves from embryonic maxillary prominences, their elevation from a vertical to a horizontal position above the tongue, and their subsequent adhesion and fusion at the midline to separate oral and nasal cavities. Disruptions in any of these processes can result in cleft palate, a common congenital abnormality that significantly affects patient’s quality of life, despite surgical intervention. Although many genes involved in palatogenesis have been identified through studies on genetically modified mice and human genetics, the precise roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks that regulate palatogenesis remain elusive. 
  • 185
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Cambium
The vascular cambium is the main lateral meristem responsible for the secondary growth of trees. There are a number of explicit and implicit assumptions behind this statement which allow questions to be raised about the mechanism underlying the radial growth of trees. Based on the hypothesis of the diurnal strains of plant organs, it is anticipated that the process of radial growth can be understood as an adaptation to the cyclically changing mechanical stress in the radial direction generated by the phloem during the 24 h day cycle.
  • 343
  • 24 Jul 2023
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