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Topic Review
 Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are genetically complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) resulting from genetic factors and gene-environment (GxE) interactions for which onset occurs in early brain development.
  • 361
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
“Omic” Studies and Cadasil
CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy; OMIM#125310) is a systemic arteriopathy of non-atherosclerotic and non-amyloid cause. It is a rare disease affecting fewer than 2/1000 individuals, caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene. It has autosomal dominant inheritance, although it can also occur due to de novo mutations. 
  • 828
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Lactobacillus as Probiotics against Different Health Issues
Probiotics are microorganisms involved in the growth and development of other microorganisms, derived from a Greek word meaning "for life". The well-accepted definition of probiotics was given by Fuller, according to which "Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving microbial balance" . WHO redefines the term as “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host". The concept of probiotics was introduced by Elie Metchnikoff in 1907. He introduced the idea that food microbes can modify the normal flora of the human body and that replacement of harmful microbes with beneficial microbes is possible. Based on this concept, the term “probiotics” was defined in different ways. The term probiotic was first used by Lilly and Stillwell in 1960. In 1857, Pasteur discovered the first bacteria that were lactic acid-producing. Then in 1878, Lister also separated and recognized these lactic acid bacteria. In 1889, Henry Tissier discovered Bifidobacterium and also found that these bacteria could be used to treat acute gastroenteritis caused by an imbalance of harmful microorganisms. The idea that probiotics could be friendly and used to treat certain intestinal diseases was also reported and presented by Tissier, in 1906. The most widely used microorganism as probiotics is Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces boulardii. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are Gram-positive rods that are obligated facultative anaerobes and S.boulardii is a yeast.
  • 353
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Xenopus Oocytes to Study Fully-Processed Membrane Proteins
The use of Xenopus oocytes in electrophysiological and biophysical research constitutes a long and successful story, providing major advances to the knowledge of the function and modulation of membrane proteins, mostly receptors, ion channels, and transporters. These cells are capable of correctly expressing heterologous proteins after injecting the corresponding mRNA or cDNA. The Xenopus oocyte has become an outstanding host–cell model to carry out detailed studies on the function of fully-processed foreign membrane proteins after their microtransplantation to the oocyte. 
  • 563
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
1q21.1 CNV in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
The 1q21.1 CNVs, rare and large chromosomal microduplications and microdeletions, are detected in many patients with NDs. Phenotypes of duplication and deletion appear at the two ends of the spectrum. Microdeletions are predominant in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) and microcephaly, whereas microduplications are predominant in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and macrocephaly.
  • 651
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
3D Bioprinting of Human Brain Organoids
Brain organoids are invaluable tools for pathophysiological studies or drug screening, but there are still challenges to overcome in making them more reproducible and relevant. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of human neural organoids is an emerging approach that may overcome the limitations of self-organized organoids. It requires the development of optimal hydrogels, and a wealth of research has improved the knowledge about biomaterials both in terms of their intrinsic properties and their relevance on 3D culture of brain cells and tissue.
  • 276
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
5-HT2A Receptor Ligands Against Depression
According to the World Health Organization, depression is a multifactorial disorder that affects around 350 million people worldwide. The most widespread monoamine of the CNS-serotonin (5-HT) is believed to play a vital role in the pathomechanism of this condition, and the importance of the neurotransmitter is elevated by the "serotonin hypothesis", linking the presence of the depression-like symptoms with diminished 5-HT concentration in certain brain regions. Serotonin acts its biological effects via numerous receptors. Out of all seven types of serotonin receptors, the serotonin 2A receptor has been identified as a most promising molecular target valuable for the treatment of mood disorders. Recent medicinal chemistry findings on the structure and function of the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor facilitated design and discovery of novel anti-depressants. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, also referred to as serotonin receptors, are a monoamine receptor molecule, activated by the neurotransmitter serotonin.
  • 725
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
A New Paradigm to Indicate Antidepressant Treatments
This entry describes that a new paradigm must be applied in which the relative value of antidepressant treatment is specifically weighted in terms of enabling the natural resilience process. 
  • 367
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
A Pathophysiological Intersection of Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease
Diabetes is among the most prevalent diseases of the modern world and is strongly linked to an increased risk of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not clear yet. Insulin resistance is a serious pathological condition, connecting type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Insulin resistance has been proven to be connected also to cognitive decline and dementias, including the most prevalent form, Alzheimer’s disease. The relationship between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease regarding pathophysiology is so significant that it has been proposed that some presentations of the condition could be termed type 3 diabetes.
  • 233
  • 18 Oct 2022
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