Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Role of Oxidative Stress on Human Vocal Pathologies
Vocal fold pathologies include polyp, nodule, cyst, and Reinke’s edema (RE). A vocal fold polyp is usually a unilateral lesion that occurs as a result of focal hemorrhage inside the mucosa. 
  • 55
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of Fibrinogen, Homocysteine and MetS in SSHL
Fibrinogen and homocysteine (HCY) are molecules known to play a role in vascular homeostasis, and their blood levels are often elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence suggests that sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) may have a vascular origin. This has led many authors to advocate that fibrinogen, homocysteine, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) may play a direct role in SSHL.
  • 156
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Recurrent Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the commonest peripheral vestibular condition encountered in a neurotology clinic and it accounts for about 20% to 30% of all the vestibular complaints. The mechanism of BPPV has been based on dislodged otoliths that leave the utricle and freely float in the semicircular canals or attach to the cupula, making the labyrinth sensitive to gravitational forces. BPPV is characterized by recurrent and brief vertigo with corresponding nystagmus when extending or turning the neck, getting up or lying down, or rolling over in bed.
  • 888
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Rhinitis: Classification, Types, Pathophysiology
Rhinitis describes a pattern of symptoms as a result of nasal inflammation and/or dysfunction of the nasal mucosa. It is an umbrella entity that includes many different subtypes, several of which escape of complete characterization. Rhinitis is considered as a pathologic condition with considerable morbidity and financial burden on health care systems worldwide. Its economic impact is further emphasized by the fact that it represents a risk factor for other conditions such as sinusitis, asthma, learning disabilities, behavioral changes, and psychological impairment. Rhinitis may be associated with many etiologic triggers such as infections, immediate-type allergic responses, inhaled irritants, medications, hormonal disturbances, and neural system dysfunction. 
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Purines Regulate Cochlear Function in Health and Disease
Purinergic signalling is an intricate system of extracellular receptors, enzymes and transporters that regulates multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes in the mammalian inner ear. ATP release from the secretory tissues of the cochlear lateral wall (stria vascularis) triggers numerous physiological responses by activating P2 receptors in sensory, supporting and neural tissues. Herein, it is presented with evidence for the essential role of P2 receptors in cochlear development, regulation of electrochemical homeostasis, auditory neurotransmission, and adaptation to elevated sound levels. Adenosine receptors have a major role in cochlear injury responses, highlighting their clinical significance as prospective therapeutic targets. Herein, it is postulated that pharmacological manipulation of purinergic receptors, particularly adenosine receptors, represents a promising strategy for the therapeutic management of hearing loss.
  • 315
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
POU3F4-Linked Hearing Loss
X-linked deafness (DFNX) is estimated to account for up to 2% of cases of hereditary hearing loss and occurs in both syndromic and non-syndromic forms. POU3F4 is the gene most commonly associated with X-linked deafness (DFNX2, DFN3) and accounts for about 50% of the cases of X-linked non-syndromic hearing loss. 
  • 220
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Therapies for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep due to recurrent upper airway obstruction. The derived oxidative stress (OS) leads to complications that do not only concern the sleep-wake rhythm but also systemic dysfunctions.
  • 225
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Perilymph Sampling Advances Inner Ear Diagnostics
In the clinical setting, the pathophysiology of sensorineural hearing loss is poorly defined and there are currently no diagnostic tests available to differentiate between subtypes. This often leaves patients with generalized treatment options such as steroids, hearing aids, or cochlear implantation. The gold standard for localizing disease is direct biopsy or imaging of the affected tissue; however, the inaccessibility and fragility of the cochlea make these techniques difficult. Thus, the establishment of an indirect biopsy, a sampling of inner fluids, is needed to advance inner ear diagnostics and allow for the development of novel therapeutics for inner ear disease. A promising source is perilymph, an inner ear liquid that bathes multiple structures critical to sound transduction. Intraoperative perilymph sampling via the round window membrane of the cochlea has been successfully used to profile the proteome, metabolome, and transcriptome of the inner ear and is a potential source of biomarker discovery. Here, we discuss the various applications of human perilymph sampling and propose a design for a sampling needle.
  • 345
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology, Immunosenescence and Inflammaging of Presbyacusis
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), or presbyacusis, is a type of sensorineural hearing loss that primarily affects the elderly. However, the age of onset, rate of decline, and severity of hearing loss vary widely. As a result of ageing, the immune system can become defective, leading to the accumulation of unresolved inflammatory processes in the body. Various stimuli can sustain inflammaging, including pathogens, cell debris, nutrients, and gut microbiota.
  • 319
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
p16 Expression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignancy that, despite scientific advancements, has not seen an improvement in its prognosis. Few promising predictive markers have been found and none are relevant in clinical practice. p16ink4a, an oncosuppressor protein involved in cell cycle arrest, with a prognostic impact on other cancers, has been widely used in the head and neck region as a surrogate marker of HPV infection. Published papers and meta-analyses seem to minimize the biological role of HPV in the context of LSCC’s cancerogenesis, and to disprove the reliability of p16ink4a as a surrogate prognostic marker in this context, while still highlighting its potential role as an independent predictor of survival. 
  • 67
  • 08 Mar 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 9
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback