Topic Review
Electric Arc Furnace Slag
EAF slag is a non-metallic by-product that consists mainly of silicates and oxides formed during the process of refining the molten steel. Raw EAF slag often appears as grey or black colored lumps, depending on its ferrous oxide content. This type of slag generally has a rough surface texture, with a surface pore diameter of 0.01–10 μm.
  • 7.8K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microstructure of Ni-Based Superalloy
To understand the behaviour of the especially complex Ni-based superalloys at high-homologous temperatures it is necessary to characterize their microstructure in fully heat-treatment condition. Detection and characterization of precipitates even nano-precipitates is essential in the study of creep and fatigue degradation. Without the knowledge about the phase composition of material, it is problematic to predict the microstructure evolution during long-term service. The main aim of this work was to perform the comprehensive characterization of equiaxed Ni-based superalloy René 108 from micro- to atomic-scale resolution by using analytical microscopy techniques.    
  • 6.1K
  • 20 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Roasting Processes for Lithium Extraction
This entry describes the main thermal treatments for processing spodumene in order to get easier lithium extraction by hydrometallurgical routes. It shows the importance of the thermal treatment and the need to reduce the energy consumption of this operation.
  • 5.6K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Metal Oxide Applications
Metal oxides play a key role in environmental remediation.
  • 4.7K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Deep Cryogenic Treatment
Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is a type of cryogenic treatment, where a metallic material is subjected to temperatures below -150°C, normally to temperatures of liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). When a material is exposed to DCT as a part of heat treatment, changes in microstructure are induced due to new grain formation, changes in grain size, change in the solubility of atoms, movement of dislocations, alteration of crystal structure, and finally new phase formation. The metallic material's performance and later performance of manufactured components and tools from this specific material are dependent on the selection of proper design, proper material, accuracy with which the tool is made and application of proper heat treatment, including any eventual DCT. Metallic materials are ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In the last years ferrous metals (different grades of steel) and non-ferrous alloys (aluminum, magnesium, titanium, nickel etc.) have been increasingly treated with DCT to alter their properties. DCT treatment has shown to reduce density of defects in crystal structure, increase wear resistance of material, increase hardness, improve toughness, and reduce tensile strength and corrosion resistance. However, some researchers also reported results showing no change in properties (toughness, hardness, corrosion resistance, etc.) or even deterioration when subjected to DCT treatment. This leads to a lack of consistency and reliability of the treatment process, which is needed for successful application in industry. This review provides a synopsis of DCT usage and resulting effects on treated materials used in automotive industry.
  • 4.4K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is the most used metal additive manufacturing technique, and it is based on the efficient interaction between a high-energy laser and a metal powder feedstock. The reuse of the powder feedstock is crucial to make the process cost-efficient and environmentally friendly. However, since studies of the mechanical and microstructural properties of parts produced with reused powders show scattered results, a closer look to the powder, heat source and shielding gas properties and to how they interact during the LPBF process is presented.  
  • 3.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloys
With the aim to improve the strength of high-temperature shape memory alloys, multi-component alloys, including medium- and high-entropy alloys, have been investigated and proposed as new structural materials. Notably, it was discovered that the martensitic transformation temperature could be controlled through a combination of the constituent elements and alloys with high austenite finish temperatures above 500 °C. The irrecoverable strain decreased in the multi-component alloys compared with the ternary alloys. The repeated thermal cyclic test was effective toward obtaining perfect strain recoveries in multi-component alloys, which could be good candidates for high-temperature shape memory alloys.
  • 2.5K
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing and Industry 4.0
We present a review on Additive Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 from business innovation and sustainability perspective.
  • 2.5K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metal Matrix Composites
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) present extraordinary characteristics, including high wear resistance, excellent operational properties at elevated temperature, and better chemical inertness as compared to traditional alloys. These properties make them prospective candidates in the fields of aerospace, automotive, heavy goods vehicles, electrical, and biomedical industries. MMCs are challenging to process via traditional manufacturing techniques, requiring high cost and energy. The laser-melting deposition (LMD) has recently been used to manufacture MMCs via rapid prototyping, thus, solving these drawbacks. Besides the benefits mentioned above, the issues such as lower ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, weak bonding between matrix and reinforcements, and cracking are still prevalent in parts produced by LMD. In this article, a detailed analysis is made on the MMCs manufactured via LMD. An illustration is presented on the LMD working principle, its classification, and dependent and independent process parameters. Moreover, a brief comparison between the wire and powder-based LMDs has been summarized. Ex- and in-situ MMCs and their preparation techniques are discussed. Besides this, various matrices available for MMCs manufacturing, properties of MMCs after printing, possible complications and future research directions are reviewed and summarized.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Medium-Entropy Alloy
The objective of this study is to strengthen the FCC structued medium-entropy alloy using the hard carbides.
  • 2.4K
  • 26 Aug 2020
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