Topic Review
Aberrations in Eutopic Endometrium
The “endometrial determinism” theory was proposed to account for the apparent gap between the relatively low prevalence of endometriosis and nearly universal retrograde menstruation. The theory was advanced to justify “root treatment”, intended to nip endometriosis in the bud. The theory has significant weaknesses. Critically, identified aberrations in the ectopic endometrium in endometriosis may be the consequence rather than the cause of endometriosis.
  • 302
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Perimenopausal Women
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a frequent symptom in perimenopausal women. It is defined as uterine bleeding in which the duration, frequency, or amount of bleeding is considered excessive and negatively affects the woman’s quality of life (QoL) and psychological well-being.
  • 526
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is defined as an invasion of the endometrium into the uterine myometrium, which results in an enlargement of the uterus, formation of adenomyotic tumours, profuse menstrual and inter-menstrual bleeding and recurrent pain. Microscopically ectopic nonneoplastic, endometrial glands and stroma surrounded by the hypertrophic and hyperplastic myometrium are noted. It is estrogens' dependent disease so that the hormonal treatment is the first line treatment in adenomyotic patients.
  • 464
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Adenomyosis and Infertility
Adenomyosis (the presence of ectopic endometrial glands and stroma below the endometrial–myometrial junction) is a benign condition which is increasingly diagnosed in younger women suffering from infertility. Adenomyosis is a common gynecological disorder, affecting women of reproductive age. It negatively affects in vitro fertilization, pregnancy and the live birth rate, as well as increases the risk of miscarriage. With the advent of non-invasive diagnoses with MRI and TVUS, the role of adenomyosis in infertility has been better recognized.
  • 136
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
ADHOGD
Adolescent dietary habit-induced obstetric and gynecologic disease (ADHOGD) is dieting and breakfast skipping during adolescence and adulthood, impair development and maturation of the reproductive function (1), which induces latent progression of obstetrics and gynecologic disorders (2). Although recovery is achieved after correcting adverse eating habits (3), the reproductive function declines (4), and this leads to the latter onset of obstetrics and gynecologic diseases (5).
  • 645
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Adipocytokines
Adipocytokines are hormonally active molecules that are believed to play a key role in the regulation of crucial biological processes in the human body.
  • 628
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Adolescent Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic condition that affects women throughout various stages of their lives by causing pain, infertility, and malignant progression.
  • 641
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Ultrasound Technology in Obstetrics
Over the years, there have been several improvements in ultrasound technologies including high-resolution ultrasonography, linear transducer, radiant flow, three-/ four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound, speckle tracking of the fetal heart, and artificial intelligence. The aims of this entry are to evaluate the use of these advanced technologies in obstetrics in the midst of new guidelines on and new techniques of obstetric ultrasonography. In particular, whether these technologies can improve the diagnostic capability, functional analysis, workflow and ergonomics of obstetric ultrasound examinations will be discussed. 
  • 871
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol Use in Pregnancy
Understanding the factors that contribute to women’s alcohol use in pregnancy is of critical importance to women's health and prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Alcohol use in pregnancy is influenced by a range of contextual and structural factors, including poverty, histories of trauma and violence, physical and mental health concerns, normalization of alcohol in social networks, sociocultural and economic vulnerabilities and disadvantage, and child welfare involvement. Therefore, beyond supporting individual change, it is necessary to address a range of structural and systemic issues through the adoption of emerging gender-, trauma-, cultural, and equity-informed interventions. 
  • 429
  • 24 Sep 2021
Biography
Alexander O. Shpakov
Alexander O. Shpakov is a Professor of Biochemistry at the I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPB), Russian Academy of Sciences, in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. He was born in 1963 at Leningrad in Russia. He received his Master of Science degree in Bioorganic Chemistry in 1987 from the Leningrad State University, Russia, and his PhD degree in Biochemistry in 1996
  • 198
  • 23 Aug 2023
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