Topic Review
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Metabolic Disorders in Pediatrics
Prenatal alcohol exposure is responsible for increasing chronic disease risk in later life, including obesity and metabolic syndrome. Alcohol drinking may compromise endogenous antioxidant capacity, causing an increase in free radicals and reactive oxygen species in the newborn. Excessive reactive oxygen species could attack the cellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to cellular dysfunction. Moreover, oxidative stress could play a crucial role in the altered synthesis and release of neurotrophins and progressive mitochondrial modifications with uncontrolled apoptosis.
  • 42
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Unlike classic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) causes multiple microthrombosis due to an increased inflammatory response, known as a “thrombotic storm”. CAPS typically develops after infection, trauma, or surgery and begins with the following symptoms: fever, thrombocytopenia, muscle weakness, visual and cognitive disturbances, abdominal pain, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Although the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in the blood is one of the diagnostic criteria, the level of these antibodies can fluctuate significantly, which complicates the diagnostic process and can lead to erroneous interpretation of rapidly developing symptoms.
  • 49
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing's Application in ctDNA Detection and Quantification
Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) facilitates longitudinal study of the tumour genome, which, unlike tumour tissue biopsies, globally reflects intratumor and intermetastatis heterogeneity. Despite its costs, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionised the study of ctDNA, ensuring a more comprehensive and multimodal approach, increasing data collection, and introducing new variables that can be correlated with clinical outcomes. Current NGS strategies can comprise a tumour-informed set of genes or the entire genome and detect a tumour fraction as low as 10−5.
  • 55
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pregnancy Arrhythmias
Pregnancy is closely associated with an elevated risk of arrhythmias, constituting the predominant cardiovascular complication during this period. Pregnancy may induce the exacerbation of previously controlled arrhythmias and, in some instances, arrhythmias may present for the first time in pregnancy.
  • 118
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Pathophysiology
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which explains the pain that such patients report. Currently, we are faced with ineffective, non-invasive diagnostic methods and treatments that come with multiple side effects and high recurrence rates for both the disease and pain. These are the reasons why researchers are exploring the possibility of the involvement of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in the process of the appearance of endometriosis.
  • 34
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ethical Models Applicable to Cancer Care during Pregnancy
A holistic view should be taken towards patient’s treatment, care and counselling in order to provide patient-centric, ethically and legally informed care for pregnant cancer patients. It is essential to consider individual circumstances of each pregnant cancer patient where each patient is seen as a person embedded in the realities of their lives and the changes that a cancer diagnosis brings to themselves and their pregnancy care.
  • 204
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Regulated Cell Death Mechanisms in Endometriosis
Regulated cell death (RCD) represents a distinct mode of cell demise, differing from accidental cell death (ACD), characterized by specific signaling cascades orchestrated by diverse biomolecules. The regular process of cell death plays a crucial role in upholding internal homeostasis, acting as a safeguard against biological or chemical damage.
  • 61
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal tumor of the female genital tract. Despite extensive studies and the identification of some precursor lesions like serous tubal intraepithelial cancer (STIC) or the deviated mutational status of the patients (BRCA germinal mutation), the pathophysiology of HGSOC and the existence of particular risk factors is still a puzzle. Moreover, a lack of screening programs results in delayed diagnosis, which is accompanied by a secondary chemo-resistance of the tumor and usually results in a high recurrence rate after the primary therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the substantial risk factors for both predisposed and low-risk populations of women, as well as to create an economically and clinically justified screening program. 
  • 59
  • 14 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Testing for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis
Available clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) suggest using classical microscopic methods, such as vaginal smear screening (as a part of the Amsel criteria) or Gram staining of smears (as a part of the Nugent criteria). Molecular testing techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and multiplex next-generation sequencing (NGS) are gaining increasing use in clinical practice as they allow quantitative detection and accurate identification of bacteria, including those associated with BV.
  • 67
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Endocrine Pathogenic Mediators and Molecular Mechanisms
Adenomyosis (ADM) is a multifaceted uterine pathology characterized by the ectopic infiltration of endometrial tissue into the myometrium, affecting approximately 20% of women in the reproductive age group seeking gynecological care. This condition manifests as a range of debilitating symptoms, including dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, impaired fertility, and heightened susceptibility to miscarriage and obstetric complications. The essential dependence of ADM on estrogen and the impact of endocrine disruptors in its pathogenesis warrant further investigation, and present therapeutic opportunities.
  • 108
  • 08 Feb 2024
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