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Topic Review
The Key Motive of Adaptive Social Innovation
The fundamental cause of adaptive social innovation can be found in the changes derived from the “digital economy.” Newly born platform capitalism and its industrial structure are expanding their dominant power in economic systems. This is causing extensive upheaval in the fundamentals that support the social and economic environment such as production, consumption, distribution, etc., by reorganizing the production and distribution systems. 
  • 464
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Linking Housing Conditions and Energy Poverty
Affordable and warm housing is a basic household living need, which is closely related to human health and well-being. Households are more likely to be exposed to energy poverty if they live in larger, older, poorly insulated houses, without basic energy service equipment, and in rental housing. The area of residence and energy installations are the main characteristics that distinguish energy poverty from non-energy poverty. The link between housing conditions and energy poverty is reinforced by the psychology and behavior of households, with those living in poor conditions tending to restrain their energy consumption, thus worsening their energy poverty situation.
  • 463
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Economic Effects of Renewable Energy Consumption
Environmental deterioration has resulted from an over-reliance on fossil-fuel usage to develop economies. Therefore, renewable energy consumption has become the goal of all governments. Of course, the economic effect of renewable energy consumption has piqued the curiosity of many academics. They have not come to a cohesive conclusion, despite studying the issue in numerous countries, using different approaches, and throughout different time periods. 
  • 463
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Disinvestment from Israel Controversy
The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) adopted a policy of "phased, selective divestment" from certain American corporations operating in Israel beginning in 2004, as a means of influencing the government of Israel. This policy has been controversial both within and outside of the denomination, even resulting in charges of antisemitism. The policy was changed in 2006 by another vote of the General Assembly.
  • 463
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Financial Development and Renewable Energy in the UAE
Financial development, FDI, and economic growth can significantly increase renewable energy consumption in the UAE. Therefore, it is essential to promote financial development in the UAE in order to avert the financial risks that undermine the stability of the financial markets and that negatively affect the REC. Furthermore, policymakers in the UAE should promote the concept of green finance and should provide more funds for investments in green energy for sustainable energy development in the UAE.
  • 463
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Operational Intelligence
Operational intelligence (OI) is a category of real-time dynamic, business analytics that delivers visibility and insight into data, streaming events and business operations. OI solutions run queries against streaming data feeds and event data to deliver analytic results as operational instructions. OI provides organizations the ability to make decisions and immediately act on these analytic insights, through manual or automated actions.
  • 461
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Market of Antibody–Drug Conjugates
The cytotoxic effect and therapeutic window of mAbs by constructing antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), in which the targeting moiety is the mAb that is linked to a highly toxic drug. According to a report from mid of last year, the global ADCs market accounted for USD 1387 million in 2016 and was worth USD 7.82 billion in 2022. It is estimated to increase in value to USD 13.15 billion by 2030. One of the critical points is the linkage of any substituent to the functional group of the mAb. Increasing the efficacy against cancer cells’ highly cytotoxic molecules (warheads) are connected biologically. The connections are completed by different types of linkers, or there are efforts to add biopolymer-based nanoparticles, including chemotherapeutic agents.
  • 461
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Climate Economic Models in Malaysia
The concept of externalities in the production of goods and services by Arthur Pigou became part of economics with the publication of “The Economics of welfare”. GHG emissions became a negative global externality from production activities causing global warming and climate change. Society needs to adapt to the catastrophic consequences if governments across the globe delay in taking any unprecedented policy corrections.A price on GHG emissions determined from climate economic modelling is called Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) or carbon price. SCC is defined as the net present value of climate damages from one more tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) or equivalent, conditional on a global emissions trajectory over time . Among others, setting a price on greenhouse gas emissions is one of the effective policy instruments to address the negative externalities of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing is implemented in almost 61 jurisdictions around the world covering 22% of global GHG emissions based on a report by the World Bank in 2020. According to this report, the range of carbon prices starts from 1 USD/tCO2e to 119 USD/tCO2e. However, the percentage coverage of global GHG emissions has almost doubled from 13% in 2016 with only 40 jurisdictions . The year 2016 was selected to compare the state of the global carbon pricing in the post-Paris Agreement in 2015. This is evidence by the adoption of carbon pricing which is expected to build its pace following this growing trend.
  • 461
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Banking Union
The Banking Union in the European Union is the transfer of responsibility for banking policy from the national to the EU level in several countries of the European Union, initiated in 2012 as a response to the Eurozone crisis. The motivation for banking union was the fragility of numerous banks in the Eurozone, and the identification of vicious circle between credit conditions for these banks and the sovereign credit of their respective home countries ("bank-sovereign vicious circle"). In several countries, private debts arising from a property bubble were transferred to sovereign debt as a result of banking system bailouts and government responses to slowing economies post-bubble. Conversely, weakness in sovereign credit resulted in deterioration of the balance sheet position of the banking sector, not least because of high domestic sovereign exposures of the banks. As of mid-2020, the Banking Union mainly consists of two main initiatives, the Single Supervisory Mechanism and Single Resolution Mechanism, which are based upon the EU's "single rulebook" or common financial regulatory framework. The SSM took up its authority on 4 November 2014, and the SRM entered into full force on 1 January 2015. Most accounts of banking union view it as incomplete in the absence of a European deposit insurance. The European Commission made a legislative proposal for a European Deposit Insurance Scheme in November 2015, but it has not been adopted by the EU co-legislators. Also as of mid-2020, the geographical scope of the Banking Union is identical to that of the euro area. In future, other non-euro member states of the EU may join the Banking Union under a procedure known as close cooperation. Bulgaria and Croatia have initiated requests for close cooperation, respectively in July 2018 and May 2019.
  • 460
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cannibalization (Marketing)
In marketing strategy, cannibalization refers to a reduction in sales volume, sales revenue, or market share of one product as a result of the introduction of a new product by the same producer.
  • 460
  • 31 Oct 2022
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