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Biofilm dynamics encompasses the time-dependent processes through which bacterial biofilms are established, structurally organized, maintained, remodeled, and dispersed. A bacterial biofilm is a spatially structured community of cells attached to a surface or interface and embedded within a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Its dynamics include reversible and irreversible attachment, cell proliferation, microcolony development, matrix production, maturation, detachment, and the release of cells or aggregates from the community ^[1][2]. These processes are regulated by interactions among bacterial genotype, physiological state, local nutrient and oxygen gradients, hydrodynamic and mechanical forces, and intercellular signaling systems, including quorum sensing in species in which such signaling contributes to coordinated gene expression ^[2][3]. Biofilm dynamics therefore concerns changes in the biofilm’s cellular composition, three-dimensional architecture, matrix properties, and dispersal behavior over time, rather than merely the presence or quantity of surface-associated bacteria ^[1][2].