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Steelmaking slag dynamics refers to the behavior, motion, and evolution of the molten oxide layer—the slag—that floats on top of the liquid steel bath during steelmaking, and specifically to the transport, reactions, and physical changes of this slag phase as the process proceeds ^[1]. The slag is a heterogeneous liquid mixture of oxides such as CaO, SiO₂, FeO, Al₂O₃, MgO, and MnO, and its dynamics encompass the emulsification and settling of metal droplets in the slag, the transfer of oxygen and solutes between slag and metal, the formation and collapse of foamy slag, and the evolution of slag composition, viscosity, and temperature as fluxes dissolve and impurities are refined out of the bath ^[2]. It is distinguished from the static thermodynamic properties of a slag by its emphasis on motion and kinetics: how the slag moves, mixes, entrains metal, exchanges constituents with the bath, and changes its physical state under stirring and gas injection ^[1]. The defining feature is the coupled chemical and physical interaction at the slag–metal interface, where mass transfer and buoyancy-driven flow govern refining efficiency and process control, so that the slag is an active, dynamically evolving reaction layer rather than a static cover ^[2]. Its behavior is governed by interfacial phenomena, density and viscosity differences, and gas stirring ^[3].