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Office, E.E. Cyber-Physical-Social System. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60197 (accessed on 06 October 2026).
Office EE. Cyber-Physical-Social System. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60197. Accessed October 06, 2026.
Office, Encyclopedia Editorial. "Cyber-Physical-Social System" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60197 (accessed October 06, 2026).
Office, E.E. (2026, September 22). Cyber-Physical-Social System. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/60197
Office, Encyclopedia Editorial. "Cyber-Physical-Social System." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 September, 2026.
Cyber-Physical-Social System
Edit

A cyber-physical-social system (CPSS) is a complex system that integrates and coordinates cyber, physical, and social domains within a common system boundary [1][2][3]. The cyber domain comprises computational, communication, and information-processing components; the physical domain comprises physical objects, processes, sensors, actuators, and infrastructure; and the social domain encompasses humans, social relationships, behaviors, interactions, and social structures [2][4][5]. A CPSS is characterized by interactions and feedback among these three domains, through which information, actions, and social influences can be exchanged across cyber, physical, and social spaces [3][6]. Unlike conventional cyber-physical systems, CPSSs explicitly incorporate human and social factors as components of the system rather than treating them solely as external users or environmental conditions [1][2]. The concept therefore encompasses interconnected systems in which computational processes, physical processes, and human or social processes jointly influence system states and behavior.

cyber-physical-social system cyber-physical systems social systems cyber space physical space human–machine interaction

References

  1. Theresa Sobb; Benjamin Turnbull; Nour Moustafa; A Holistic Review of Cyber–Physical–Social Systems: New Directions and Opportunities. Sensors 2023, 23, 7391. [CrossRef]
  2. Yilma Bereket Abera; Yannick Naudet; Hervé Panetto; A new Paradigm and Meta-Model for Cyber-Physical-Social Systems. IFAC-PapersOnLine 2020, 53, 10949-10954. [CrossRef]
  3. Jun Jason Zhang; Fei-Yue Wang; Xiao Wang; Gang Xiong; Fenghua Zhu; Yisheng Lv; Jiachen Hou; Shuangshuang Han; Yong Yuan; Qingchun Lu; Yishi Lee; Cyber-Physical-Social Systems: The State of the Art and Perspectives. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. 2018, 5, 829-840. [CrossRef]
  4. Puming Wang; Laurence T. Yang; Jintao Li; Jinjun Chen; Shangqing Hu; Data fusion in cyber-physical-social systems: State-of-the-art and perspectives. Inf. Fusion 2019, 51, 42-57. [CrossRef]
  5. Noreen Anwar; Gang Xiong; Wanze Lu; Peijun Ye; Hongxia Zhao; Qinglai Wei. Cyber-Physical -Social Systems for Smart Cities: An Overview; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): Piscataway, NJ, United States, 2021; pp. 348-353. [CrossRef]
  6. Xingxia Wang; Jing Yang; Yuhang Liu; Yutong Wang; Fei-Yue Wang; Mengzhen Kang; Yonglin Tian; Imre Rudas; Lingxi Li; Maria Pia Fanti; Bassam Alrifaee; Muhammet Deveci; Deepak Mishra; Muhammad Khurram Khan; Long Chen; Philippe De Reffye; Parallel intelligence in three decades: a historical review and future perspective on ACP and cyber-physical-social systems. Artif. Intell. Rev. 2024, 57, 1-35. [CrossRef]
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