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Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of radiatively‑active atmospheric gaseous constituents, including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases, from natural processes or anthropogenic activities into the Earth’s atmosphere over a defined time period ^[1][2]. These emissions comprise mass flows of gases capable of absorbing and re‑emitting infrared terrestrial radiation, thereby modifying the planetary radiative energy balance and driving the enhanced greenhouse effect ^[2][3]. Greenhouse gas emissions can be categorised by emission origin, scope, and gas species, and are commonly aggregated and quantified using carbon‑dioxide‑equivalent metrics to enable comparative assessment of their net radiative forcing impact ^[1][4]. The term encompasses both direct point‑source releases and diffuse non‑point‑source discharges generated across industrial, built‑environment, agricultural, energy‑generation, and waste‑management systems.