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Wheeler, A. Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/8952 (accessed on 20 April 2024).
Wheeler A. Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/8952. Accessed April 20, 2024.
Wheeler, Andrew. "Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/8952 (accessed April 20, 2024).
Wheeler, A. (2021, April 23). Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/8952
Wheeler, Andrew. "Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 April, 2021.
Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/geosciences11010009

Cold-water coral (CWC) habitats are considered important centers of biodiversity in the deep sea, acting as spawning grounds and feeding area for many fish and invertebrates. 

cold water corals mapping multibeam bathymetry

1. Introduction

It is estimated that less than 5% of the seafloor is mapped at a resolution comparable to similar studies on land [1]. However, over the last few decades, advances in new technology have enabled better exploration of the deep sea, revealing new ecosystems and environments; from micro-organisms’ communities at superheated hydrothermal vents to complex, interconnected pelagic habitats. Nevertheless, such limited knowledge of the deep sea limits our capacity to predict the future response of marine organisms’ to increasing human pressure and changing environmental conditions [2]. Cold-water coral (CWC) reef habitats are a remarkable example of such ecosystems found in shallow waters to more than 2 km [3]. Although corals are popularly associated with warm, tropical waters, and exotic fish, it is in the cold and dark waters of the deep ocean, that azooxanthalate CWC species develop reefs which rival their tropical counterparts in terms of species richness and diversity [4][5].

CWCs are long-lived and slow-growing cnidarians, encompassing stony corals (e.g., Scleractinia, with Desmophyllum pertusum, recently synonymized from Lophelia pertusa [6], Madrepora oculata and Oculina spp.), soft corals (Octocorallia, including “precious” corals, gorgonian sea fans, and bamboo corals), black corals (Antipatharia), and hydrocorals (Stylasteridae) (see Cairns, (2007) and Roberts et al., (2009) for a review). They grow, in general, where the interaction between topographic heterogeneity and water mass dynamics (bottom currents, internal waves) create moderate to strong hydrodynamics, coupled with the occurrence of hard substrates, a high flux of particulate organic matter (POM) and reduced terrigenous inputs [7][8][9][10][11]. Many CWCs develop calcium carbonate skeletons that trap current-suspended sediments to generate structural habitats like coral gardens, reefs, and mounds [12][13][14].

Several recent studies have highlighted the environmental importance of CWC habitats as biodiversity hotspots because they develop complex local and regional food chains, serving as important spawning, nursery, and feeding areas for a multitude of fishes and invertebrates [15][16][17][18]. In particular, they support speciose, high-biomass ecosystems at water depths where life is otherwise relatively scarce [5][19]. Since these communities live in deep, dark parts of the ocean, they possess no light-dependent symbiotic algae (azooxanthellate) and are therefore predominantly dependent on the supply of POM.

2. Significance of CWC

Nevertheless, quantitative research and process-oriented analysis that relates CWC structure, geographic distribution, and physical settings (e.g., currents, depth, temperature, geology, and ecology) are scarce due to their complex structure and limited accessibility [17]. Thus, we are still only beginning to understand the specific environmental tolerances of CWCs. It is evident that there are large knowledge gaps which need to be filled by further mapping and integrated, multidisciplinary, and multi-scale research including integrated modeling of distribution, geology, biology, ecology, and the assessment of human impact [20]. Given their occurrence in deep, inaccessible parts of the planet, the most common way of understanding these habitats is through marine remote sensing and subsequent analyses. As such, many studies are completed in isolation and are not comparable due to methods employed or the scale of the research area.

Although there are studies pointing to the regional role of CWC reefs in organic matter cycling and significance in local pelagic benthic couplings [17], the lack of systematic knowledge of the global extent of the oceanic substrate covered by CWC makes it difficult to understand their importance as control agents for biogeochemical cycles and, as a consequence, for global climate change. Nevertheless, CWC are constantly listed as high priority environments for conservation in several international marine environmental protection initiatives as deep sea habitat types of special interest [15][21].

Mapping the distribution of CWCs is therefore, essential for understanding conservation, habitat and organismal tolerances, as well as for marine spatial planning and economic impacts.

3. Future Mapping Perspectives

Cold-water coral communities are exposed to several types of anthropogenic threats, which include industrial fisheries, hydrocarbon exploration, and mineral resources exploration, as well as global ocean change including warming and acidification [22] and the study of these ecosystems is a challenging task not only because of their inherent complexity but also because of their crucial importance in global ecology and biogeochemistry. In this context, a large number of surveying exploration missions shall be launched in the coming years and new processing and analytical tools will become increasingly important in dealing with the large number of datasets that will be produced.

In 2017, the UN proclaimed the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) whose objective is to increase knowledge of the oceans as a basis for the implementation of management and conservation programs. Concurrently, the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project issued the challenge to survey the ocean floor across the globe by 2030 using multibeam sonar (MBES). In addition, inter-governmental agreements, including the Galway Statement (2013) for the North Atlantic and the Belém Statement (2017) for the whole Atlantic, seek to encourage collaborative ocean research with bathymetric mapping [23].

With respect to progress in CWC mapping, all this effort in the coming years should produce an exceptionally large amount of data that will need to be modeled and analyzed [1]. However, it should be noted that there is a large difference in context between different regions of the planet: in the South Atlantic and much of the Pacific and Indian Ocean, where much of the current research is based on punctual data [24][25][26][27] or no information whatsoever, the mapping process should have an exploratory approach, in which CWC habitats should be identified, delineated, and characterized. On the other hand, in areas where there are more detailed studies such as the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, new survey and processing techniques must be developed to investigate more meticulous aspects of the physiology and responses of these ecosystems to local and global environmental changes. In either case, the production of data archives will require the development of new methods of information management, which must be supported by spatial data infrastructures (SDI) and international repositories that can handle the storage and dissemination of this data that can be used to build more complex mapping surveys and modeling.

References

  1. Mayer, L.; Jakobsson, M.; Allen, G.; Dorschel, B.; Falconer, R.; Ferrini, V.; Lamarche, G.; Snaith, H.; Weatherall, P. The Nippon Foundation—GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project: The Quest to See the World’s Oceans Completely Mapped by 2030. Geosciences 2018, 8, 63.
  2. Danovaro, R.; Dell’Anno, A.; Pusceddu, A. Biodiversity response to climate change in a warm deep sea. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7, 821–828.
  3. Roberts, J.M.; Wheeler, A.J.; Cairns, S.; Freiwald, A. Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2009.
  4. Freiwald, A. Ocean Margin Systems; Wefer, G., Billet, D., Hebbeln, D., Jorgensen, B.B., Schlüter, M., Van Weering, T.C., Eds.; Hanse Conference Report; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2002; pp. 365–385.
  5. Roberts, J.M.; Long, D.; Wilson, J.B.; Mortensen, P.B.; Gage, J.D. The cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) and enigmatic seabed mounds along the north-east Atlantic margin: Are they related? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2003, 46, 7–20.
  6. Addamo, A.M.; Vertino, A.; Stolarski, J.; García-Jiménez, R.; Taviani, M.; Machordom, A. Merging scleractinian genera: The overwhelming genetic similarity between solitary Desmophyllum and colonial Lophelia. BMC Evolut. Biol. 2016, 16, 108.
  7. Mienis, F.; Duineveld, G.C.A.; Davies, A.J.; Ross, S.W.; Seim, H.; Bane, J.; Van Weering, T.C.E. The influence of near-bed hydrodynamic conditions on cold-water corals in the Viosca Knoll area, Gulf of Mexico. Deep Sea Red. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2012, 60, 32–45.
  8. Mienis, F.; de Stigter, H.C.; de Haas, H.; van Weering, T.C.E. Near-bed particle deposition and resuspension in a cold-water coral mound area at the Southwest Rockall Trough margin, NE Atlantic. Deep Sea Res. Part I 2009, 56, 1026–1038.
  9. Mienis, F.; de Stigter, H.C.; White, M.; Duineveld, G.; de Haas, H.; van Weering, T.C.E. Hydrodynamic controls on cold-water coral growth and carbonate-mound development at the SW and SE Rockall Trough Margin, NE Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. I 2007, 54, 1655–1674.
  10. De Clippele, L.H.; Huvenne, V.A.; Orejas, C.; Lundälv, T.; Fox, A.; Hennige, S.J.; Roberts, J.M. The effect of local hydrodynamics on the spatial extent and morphology of cold-water coral habitats at Tisler Reef, Norway. Coral Reefs 2018, 37, 253–266.
  11. Orejas, C.; Gori, A.; Rad-Menéndez, C.; Last, K.S.; Davies, A.J.; Beveridge, C.M.; Sadd, D.; Kiriakoulakis, K.; Witte, U.; Roberts, J.M. The effect of flow speed and food size on the capture efficiency and feeding behaviour of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2016, 481, 34–40.
  12. Wilson, J.B. “Patch” development of the deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) on the Rockall bank. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 1979, 59, 165–177.
  13. Thierens, M.; Titschack, J.; Dorschel, B.; Huvenne, V.A.; Wheeler, A.J.; Stuut, J.B.; O’donnell, R. The 2.6 Ma depositional sequence from the Challenger cold-water coral carbonate mound (IODP Exp. 307): Sediment contributors and hydrodynamic palaeo-environments. Mar. Geol. 2010, 271, 260–277.
  14. Titschack, J.; Thierens, M.; Dorschel, B.; Schulbert, C.; Freiwald, A.; Kano, A.; Takashima, C.; Kawagoe, N.; Li, X.; Expedition, I.O.D.P. Carbonate budget of a cold-water coral mound (Challenger Mound, IODP Exp. 307). Mar. Geol. 2009, 259, 36–46.
  15. Davies, J.S.; Guillaumont, B.; Tempera, F.; Vertino, A.; Beuck, L.; Ólafsdóttir, S.H.; Smith, C.J.; Fosså, J.H.; Van den Beld, I.M.J.; Savini, A.; et al. A new classification scheme of European cold-water coral habitats: Implications for ecosystem-based management of the deep sea. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2017, 145, 102–109.
  16. Carlier, A.; Le Guilloux, E.; Olu, K.; Sarrazin, J.; Mastrototaro, F.; Taviani, M.; Clavier, J. Trophic relationships in a deep Mediterranean cold-water coral bank (Santa Maria di Leuca, Ionian Sea). Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 2010, 397, 125–137.
  17. van Oevelen, D.; Duineveld, G.; Lavaleye, M.S.S.; Mienis, F.; Soetaert, K.; Heip, C. The cold-water coral community as a hot spot for carbon cycling on continental margins: A food-web analysis from Rockall Bank (northeast Atlantic). Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, 54, 1829–1844.
  18. Duineveld, G.C.A.; Lavaleye, M.S.S.; Bergman, M.J.N.; de Stigter, H.C.; Mienis, F. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the near-bottom particle supply and current regime. Bull. Mar. Sci. 2007, 81, 449–467.
  19. Roberts, J.M.; Wheeler, A.J.; Freiwald, A. Reefs of the Deep: The Biology and Geology of Cold-Water Coral Ecosystems. Science 2006, 312, 543–547.
  20. Huvenne, V.A.I.; Bett, B.J.; Masson, D.G.; Le Bas, T.P.; Wheeler, A.J. Effectiveness of a deep-sea cold-water coral Marine Protected Area, following eight years of fisheries closure. Biol. Conserv. 2016, 200, 60–69.
  21. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and Census of Marine Life on Seamounts (Programme). Data Analysis Working Group. Seamounts, Deep-Sea Corals and Fisheries: Vulnerability of Deep-Sea Corals to Fishing on Seamounts Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction; UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK, 2006.
  22. Cordes, E.; Arnaud-Haond, S.; Bergstad, O.-A.; da Costa Falcão, A.P.; Freiwald, A.; Roberts, J.M.; Bernal, P. Cold-Water Corals. In The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment: World Ocean Assessment I; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2016.
  23. Wölfl, A.C.; Snaith, H.; Amirebrahimi, S.; Devey, C.W.; Dorschel, B.; Ferrini, V.; Huvenne, V.A.; Jakobsson, M.; Jencks, J.; Johnston, G.; et al. Seafloor Mapping—The Challenge of a Truly Global Ocean Bathymetry. Front. Mar. Sci. 2019, 6, 283.
  24. De Oliveira Pires, D. The azooxanthellate coral fauna of Brazil. Bull. Mar. Sci. 2007, 81, 265–272.
  25. Kitahara, M.V. Species richness and distribution of azooxanthellate Scleractinia in Brazil. Bull. Mar. Sci. 2007, 81, 497–518.
  26. Le Guilloux, E.; Olu, K.; Bourillet, J.F.; Savoye, B.; Iglésias, S.P.; Sibuet, M. First observations of deep-sea coral reefs along the Angola margin. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2009, 56, 2394–2403.
  27. Buhl-Mortensen, P. Coral reefs in the Southern Barents Sea: Habitat description and the effects of bottom fishing. Mar. Biol. Res. 2017, 13, 1027–1040.
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