Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 Review about fitness self-efficacy and quality of live + 1130 word(s) 1130 2020-09-08 08:53:37 |
2 format correct Meta information modification 1130 2020-09-11 04:31:24 | |
3 format correct -2 word(s) 1128 2020-09-11 04:31:54 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Medrano-Ureña, M.D.R.; Ortega-Ruiz, R.; Benítez-Sillero, J.D.D. Physical Fitness in Adulthood. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1984 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Medrano-Ureña MDR, Ortega-Ruiz R, Benítez-Sillero JDD. Physical Fitness in Adulthood. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1984. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Medrano-Ureña, María Del Rocio, Rosario Ortega-Ruiz, Juan De Dios Benítez-Sillero. "Physical Fitness in Adulthood" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1984 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Medrano-Ureña, M.D.R., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Benítez-Sillero, J.D.D. (2020, September 11). Physical Fitness in Adulthood. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/1984
Medrano-Ureña, María Del Rocio, et al. "Physical Fitness in Adulthood." Encyclopedia. Web. 11 September, 2020.
Physical Fitness in Adulthood
Edit

The aim of the entry is the elaboration of a systematic review of existing research on physical fitness, self-efficacy for physical exercise, and quality of life in adulthood. Method: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines, and based on the findings in 493 articles, the final sample was composed of 37 articles, which were reviewed to show whether self-efficacy has previously been studied as a mediator in the relationship between physical fitness and quality of life in adulthood. Results: The results indicate that little research exists in relation to healthy, populations with the majority being people with pathology. Physical fitness should be considered as a fundamental aspect in determining the functional capacity of the person. Aerobic capacity was the most evaluated and the 6-min walk test was the most used. Only one article shows the joint relationship between the three variables. Conclusions: We discuss the need to investigate the mediation of self-efficacy in relation to the value of physical activity on quality of life and well-being in the healthy adult population in adult life.

Fitness, Adulthood review

1. Quality of Life in Adulthood

Adulthood is a period of the life cycle that differs widely due to socio-economic, labor, and cultural conditions. Although it can cover a wide range of ages, current scientific convention specifies an age span that begins between the ages of 40–45 and ends between the ages of 60–65, at which point we can speak of the beginning of old age [1][2][3][4]. During the process of adult maturity, important body changes take place or have already taken place, such as menopause and andropause, which involve diverse psychological impacts and, frequently, physiological changes. A loss of bone mass, for example, reduces the strength of the body, making it more vulnerable an injury or disease in daily life [5][6]. People are not always aware of these changes [7][8][9][10][11]. Recently, although there seems to be some interest among the population in understanding the keys to maintaining health and quality of life and to face the decline or deterioration that occurs in old age with better physical and mental health [12], the sedentary life continues to affect a wide range of the adult population [13].

2. Active Life as a Quality of Life Enhancer

A review study [14] indicated that moderate and systematic physical activity is one of the factors that most affects quality of life. During childhood and adolescence, physical activity is academically programmed, and the habit of physical activity is regulated by schooling, with varying degrees of effectiveness and quality. In old age, health systems and community medicine usually incorporate guidelines that recommend moderate physical activity, with advice on the value of walking, swimming, or going to gyms and social health centers. These efforts, sometimes, are not always successful. However, during the mature adult years [15] that precede old age, the adult population seems to be under pressure from work and family responsibilities, leaving little time for personal attention to preventive health and well-being needs. Some research [16] has revealed the challenge of practicing physical activity or sport in this period of the life cycle. The responsibilities of early adulthood are self-regulated by the experience and years of mature adulthood, and it is at this stage that the practice of physical activity and/or sport for optimal fitness becomes a challenge, because it is known to benefit the individual’s overall health [17][18].

3. Physical Fitness as an indicator of Quality of Life

Related to active living and physical exercise is the concept of physical fitness, a well-known and powerful health marker [19] among middle-aged populations, it is even more powerful than physical activity but we must understand physical fitness as a concept broader than one related exclusively to biological health; it can be defined as the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and liveliness, without excessive fatigue, and with enough energy remaining to enjoy leisure time or to cope with unexpected emergencies [20]. Therefore, in addition to being related to biological health, physical fitness is also closely related to psychosocial factors on the human spectrum and has been found to influence fitness parameters [21]. However, few studies present data associating physical fitness in adults with it is psychosocial benefits. It is known that, as a method of achieving general well-being, physical fitness has a large regulated role in the negative relationship between the sedentary life and quality of life [22]. Thus, knowing the levels of physical fitness can be an important tool in providing specific advice to the population in relation to their well-being [23].

However, although it is known that physical activity and improved physical fitness generate benefits and play a fundamental role in both biological and psychological well-being , it cannot be taken for granted that adults currently incorporate it into their daily routines .

4. The Role of Self-Efficacy in Maintaining an Active Life

The self-evaluation that is carried out on one´s own activities is called self-efficacy [24]. Expectations of self-efficacy refer to beliefs about personal abilities and the ability to satisfactorily carry out the necessary demands in different situations[25]. Losses inherent to the aging process, such as those related to physical functioning, can affect how one believes in one´s control, or loss of control of self-efficacy . Fortunately, the practice of physical exercise can alleviate these consequences [18]. However, even though people understand the beneficial effects of healthy habits on their own bodies and on their overall well-being and health, we are not sure if there is reciprocity between this knowledge and the integration of physical exercise into their life routines [26].This may seem a paradox in relation to classical theories of motivation towards physical exercise, which emphasize the role of rationality in the decision-making process [27]. It is here that the concept of self-efficacy for physical exercise becomes important, since it determines in part one’s motivation to practice physical activity and is one of its most powerful predictors [28]

5. The Present Study

As a result of these considerations, empirical evidence suggests the important role that the relationship between self-efficacy and the practice of physical activity and exercise performance can play; however, the relationship and influence between self-efficacy and quality of life in terms of physical fitness during mid-life remains relatively limited and therefore does not provide clarifying results. Furthermore, this relationship appears to be very important if we consider that physical fitness is a factor intimately related to well-being and quality of life, as well as a quantitative aspect of each person’s physical functioning—functioning that declines as one ages, therefore, analysis of the relationship between these constructs appears to be an interesting hypothesis for a systematic review. To this end, the general objective of this study was to carry out an exhaustive review of the existing literature delve deeper into this topic. In particular, a specific objective that was established, review the measurement instruments for the specific variables.

References

  1. Lachman, M.E.; Jette, A.; Tennstedt, S.; Howland, J.; Harris, B.A.; Peterson, E. A cognitive-behavioural model for promoting regular physical activity in older adults. Psychol. Health Med. 1997, 2, 251–261.
  2. Lachman, M.E.; Lewkowicz, C.; Marcus, A.; Peng, Y. Images of midlife development among young, middle-aged, and older adults. J. Adult Dev. 1994, 1, 201–211.
  3. Li, F.; Harmer, P.; McAuley, E.; John Fisher, K.; Duncan, T.E.; Duncan, S.C. Tai Chi, Self-Efficacy, and Physical Function in the Elderly. Prev. Sci. 2001, 2, 229–239.
  4. Wiskemann, J.; Hummler, S.; Diepold, C.; Keil, M.; Abel, U.; Steindorf, K.; Beckhove, P.; Ulrich, C.M.; Steins, M.; Thomas, M. POSITIVE study: Physical exercise program in non-operable lung cancer patients undergoing palliative treatment. BMC Cancer 2016, 16, 499.
  5. González-Mecías, J.S.; Marín, F.; Vila, J.; Díez-Álvarez, A.; Abizanda, M.; Álvarez, R.O.; Gimeno, A.S.; Pegenaute, E. Prevalencia de factores de riesgo de osteoporosis y fracturas osteoporóticas en una serie de 5.195 mujeres mayores de 65 años. Med. Clínica 2004, 123, 85–89.
  6. Tenover, J.L. Testosterone replacement therapy in older adult men. Int. J. Androl. 1999, 22, 300–306.
  7. Collins, E.; Langbein, W.E.; Dilan-Koetje, J.; Bammert, C.; Hanson, K.; Reda, D.; Edwards, L. Effects of exercise training on aerobic capacity and quality of life in individuals with heart failure. Heart Lung J. Acute Crit. Care 2004, 33, 154–161.
  8. Dionne, I.J.; Ades, P.A.; Poehlman, E.T. Impact of cardiovascular fitness and physical activity level on health outcomes in older persons. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2003, 124, 259–267.
  9. Jürgens, I. Práctica deportiva y percepción de calidad de vida. Rev. Int. Med. Y Cienc. Act. Física Y Deporte 2006, 6, 62–74.
  10. Pressman, S.D.; Matthews, K.A.; Cohen, S.; Martire, L.M.; Scheier, M.; Baum, A.; Schulz, R. Association of enjoyable leisure activities with psychological and physical well-being. Psychosom. Med. 2009, 71, 725–732.
  11. Rejeski, W.J.; Brawley, L.R.; Shumaker, S.A. Physical activity and health-related quality of life. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 1996, 24, 71–108.
  12. McPhee, J.S.; French, D.P.; Jackson, D.; Nazroo, J.; Pendleton, N.; Degens, H. Physical activity in older age: Perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology 2016, 17, 567–580.
  13. Lavie, C.J.; Ozemek, C.; Carbone, S.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Blair, S.N. Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circ. Res. 2019, 124, 799–815.
  14. Ramirez-Vélez, R. Actividad física y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud: Revisión sistemática de la evidencia actual. Rev. Andal. Med. Deporte 2010, 3, 110–120.
  15. Cornachione Larrinaga, M.A.A. Psicología Del Desarrollo Adultez: Aspectos Biológicos, Psicológicos y Sociales, 1st ed.; Brujas: Córdoba, Argentina, 2006; pp. 298–298.
  16. Cattanach, L.; Tebes, J.K. The nature of elder impairment and its impact on family caregivers' health and psychosocial functioning. Gerontologist 1991, 31, 246–255.
  17. Gillis, A.J. Determinants of a health-promoting lifestyle: An integrative review. J. Adv. Nurs. 1993, 18, 345–353.
  18. Sweeney, A.M.; Wilson, D.K.; Lee Van Horn, M. Longitudinal relationships between self-concept for physical activity and neighbourhood social life as predictors of physical activity among older African American adults. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 67.
  19. Häuser, W.; Bernardy, K.; Arnold, B.; Offenbächer, M.; Schiltenwolf, M. Efficacy of multicomponent treatment in fibromyalgia syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Arthritis Care Res. 2009, 61, 216–224.
  20. Caspersen, C.J.; Powell, K.E.; Christenson, G.M. Physical Activity, Exercise and Physical Fitness Definitions for Health-Related Research. Public Health Rep. 1985, 100, 126–126.
  21. Taylor, D.L.; Nichols, J.F.; Pakiz, B.; Bardwell, W.A.; Flatt, S.W.; Rock, C.L. Relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and psychosocial variables in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors. Int J Behav Med. 2010, 17, 264-270.
  22. McAuley, E.; Konopack, J.F.; Motl, R.W.; Morris, K.S.; Doerksen, S.E.; Rosengren, K.R. Physical activity and quality of life in older adults: Influence of health status and self-efficacy. Ann. Behav. Med. 2006, 31, 99–103.
  23. Estévez-López, F.; Gray, C.M.; Segura-Jiménez, V.; Soriano-Maldonado, A.; Álvarez-Gallardo, I.C.; Arrayás-Grajera, M.J. Independent and combined association of overall physical fitness and subjective well-being with fibromyalgia severity: the al-Ándalus project. Qual Life Res. 2015, 24, 1865–73.
  24. Bandura, A. Self-Efficacy; Ramachaudran, V.S., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1994; pp. 71–81.
  25. Bandura, A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Am. Psychol. 1982, 37, 122–147.
  26. Zhou, X.; Krishnan, A. What Predicts Exercise Maintenance and Well-Being? Examining The Influence of Health-Related Psychographic Factors and Social Media Communication. Health Commun. 2019, 34, 589–597.
  27. Ekkekakis, P.; Dafermos, M. Exercise Is a Many-Splendored Thing, but for Some It Does Not Feel So Splendid: Staging a Resurgence of Hedonistic Ideas in the Quest to Understand Exercise Behavior; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2012; pp. 295–333.
  28. Du, H.; Everett, B.; Newton, P.J.; Salamonson, Y.; Davidson, P.M. Self-efficacy: A useful construct to promote physical activity in people with stable chronic heart failure. J. Clin. Nurs. 2012, 21, 301–310.
More
Information
Subjects: Sport Sciences
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , ,
View Times: 1.0K
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 11 Sep 2020
1000/1000