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The male reproductive system is highly susceptible to noxious influences, that can induce germ cell damage, alterations in spermatogenesis and male fertility. For this reason, it is of major importance to investigate possible ways to protect the male reproductive system. For centuries, natural products have been used by humans in folk medicine as therapeutic agents, and because of their beneficial properties for human health, plenty of them have been introduced to the pharmaceutical market as supplementary therapies.
Natural Product | Dosage of Natural Product | Toxic Stimulus | Dosage of Toxic Stimulus | Exposure Time | Animal Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curcumin | 30 mg/kg/day in dimethyl sulfoxide (4% DMSO + PBS), intraperitoneally |
Aging | - | 21 days | Male Wistar albino rats | [15] |
100 mg/kg/day dissolved in 0.5 mL of olive oil, given orally | Chronic variable stress | - | 15 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [16] | |
200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | Testicular torsion | - | 4 h/90 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [17] | |
100 mg/kg/day dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), given orally |
Cisplatin | 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 7 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [31] | |
100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | Cadmium chloride | 5 mg/kg, subcutaneously | 24 h | Male NMRI mice | [32] | |
300 mg/kg/day | Artesunate | 150 mg/kg/day (low dose) 300 mg/kg/day (high-dose) dissolved in double-distilled water, given orally | 45 days | Male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) | [33] | |
50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally | Cadmium chloride | 2 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally | 10 days | Male Kunming mice | [34] | |
200 mg/kg/day dissolved in corn oil, given orally | Cisplatin | 7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 10 days | Male Wistar albino rats | [35] | |
25–200 mg/mL | Aflatoxins | 2–10 mg/mL | - | Male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) | [36] | |
2 mg dissolved in 0.2 mL of olive oil, given orally daily | Aflatoxins | 25 mg (low dose) and 50 mg (high dose)/0.2 mL olive oil, given orally daily |
45 days | Male Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) | [37] | |
20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day dissolved in olive oil, given by intragastric intubation | Scrotal heat stress | - | 14 days | Male ICR mice | [38] | |
Ellagic acid | 10 mg/kg/day dissolved in alkaline solution (0.01 N NaOH), subcutaneous | Cyclosporine A | 15 mg/kg/day dissolved in 1 mL olive, given orally | 30 days | Male albino rats(Rattus norvegicus) | [41] |
10 mg/kg/day dissolved in olive oil, given orally | Cisplatin | 7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 10 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [42] | |
10 mg/kg, given orally from the 21st week to 26th week | Cisplatin | 5 mg/kg once a week in normal saline, intraperitoneally from the 23rd to 26th week | 26 weeks | Male laca mice | [43] | |
2 mg/kg/day dissolved in carboxy methyl cellulose, given orally | Phthalates | 500 mg/kg/day dissolved in carboxy methyl cellulose, intraperitoneally | 4 weeks | Male Wistar Albino rats |
[44] | |
50 mg/kg/day dissolved in saline water (0.9% NaCl), given orally | Sodium arsenate | 200 ppm/day dissolved in saline water (0.9% NaCl), given orally | 40 days | Male Swiss albino mice | [45] | |
2 mg/kg/every other day dissolved in alkaline solution (0.01 N NaOH), given orally | Polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) | 2 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally | 8 weeks | Male Sprague Dawley rats |
[46] | |
20 mg/kg/day dissolved in 1% DMSO, given orally | Monosodium glutamate | 17.5 mg/kg/day (low dose) or 60 mg/kg/day (high dose) dissolved in 1% DMSO, given orally | 30 days | Male albino rats | [47] | |
Vitamin C | 100 mg/day diluted in water, given orally | Ethanol | 2 g/kg/day (25% v/v), given orally | 63 days | Male Wistar rats | [48] |
5 mg/kg/day, given orally | Aluminum chloride | 100 mg/kg/day dissolved in 1 mL water, given orally | 4 weeks | Male Wistar rats | [49] | |
200 mg/kg/day, given orally | Mercuric chloride | 0.15 mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water, intraperitoneally | 30 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [50] | |
250 mg/kg/day, given orally | Carbon tetrachloride | 2 mL/kg/day dissolved in olive oil, given orally | 10 weeks | Male Wistar albino rats | [51] | |
100 mg/kg/day, given orally | Lead | 25 mg/kg/daydissolved in distilled water, given orally | 90 days | Male Wistar albino rats | [52] | |
50 mg/kg/day, gastric gavage | Tetracycline | 30 mg/kg/day, gastric gavage | 28 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [53] | |
200 mg/kg/day, given orally | Tetracycline | 28.6 mg/kg/day dissolved in saline, given orally | 14 days | Male Wistar rats | [54] | |
50 mg/kg/day, given orally | Cisplatin | 8 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 14 days | Sprague Dawley rats | [55] | |
100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally |
Testicular torsion | - | 4 h | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [56] | |
Vitamin E | 100 mg/kg/day, given orally | Sodium arsenite | 8 mg/kg/day, given orally | 8 weeks | Male Wistar rats | [57] |
100 mg/kg/day dissolved in corn oil, given orally | Para-nonylphenol | 250 mg/kg/day dissolved in corn oil, given orally | Day 7 of pregnancy to day 21 of postnatal/90 days | Wistar rats | [58] | |
20 mg/kg/day, given orally | 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) | 1, 10 or 100 ng/kg/day dissolved in olive oil and acetone (19:1), given orally |
45 days | Male Wistar rats | [59] | |
200 mg/kg, given orally | Diazinon | 60 mg/kg dissolved in olive oil, intraperitoneally | 6 weeks | Male Wistar rats | [60] | |
20 mg/kg/day, given orally | Carbendazim | 25 mg/kg/day dissolved in corn oil, given orally | 48 days | Male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) | [61] | |
250 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally |
Methotrexate | 20 mg/kg on days 3 and 10, intraperitoneally | 17 days | Male Wistar albino rats | [62] |
Natural Product | Dosage of Natural Product | Toxic Stimulus | Dosage of Toxic Stimulus | Exposure Time | Animal Model | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garlic | 0.8 g/100 g/day, given orally | Casein-based diet (High Protein Diet) | 40, 25 or 10 g/100 g/day, given orally | 28 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [93] |
1.0 mL/100 g/day, given orally | Cadmium | 1.5 mg/100 g/day, given orally | 4 weeks | Male albino Wistar rats | [94] | |
80 mg/kg/day for 5 days per week, given orally |
Furan | 4 mg/kg/day for 5 days per week dissolved in corn oil, given orally | 90 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [95] | |
250 mg/kg/day given orally | Adriamycin | 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 14 days | Male Wistar rats | [96] | |
Ginger | 100 mg/kg/day, given orally | Gentamicin | 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 30 days | Male Wistar rats | [98] |
250 mg/kg/day (hydro-alcoholic extract of ginger), given orally |
Carbon tetrachloride | 1 mL/kg dissolved in olive oil, intraperitoneally | 14 days | Male Wistar rats | [99] | |
1 g/kg/day, given orally | Ethanol | 4 g/kg/day, given orally | 28 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [100] | |
500 mg/kg/day, given orally | Sulfite salts (sodium metabisulfite) | 260 mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water, given orally | 28 days | Male Wistar rats | [101] | |
1 g/kg/day, given orally | Ethanol | 4 g/kg/day, given orally | 28 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [102] | |
50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/day, given orally | Busulfan | 5mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 48 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [103] | |
300 mg/kg/day or 600 mg/kg/days, given orally | Cyclophosphamide | 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 6 weeks | Male Wistar albino rats | [104] | |
1 g/kg/day, given orally | Cisplatin | 10 mg/kg dissolved in normal saline, intraperitoneally | 26 days | Male Wistar albino rats | [105] | |
500 mg/kg/day, given orally | Fructose | Fed a diet containing 60% fructose | 8 weeks | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [106] | |
500 mg/kg/day, given orally | Diabetes | 60 mg/kg of STZ dissolved in 0.01 M sodium citrate buffer, intraperitoneally | 6 weeks | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [107] | |
fed a diet supplemented with ginger roots at 3% | Diabetes | 120 mg/kg of alloxan saline solution, intraperitoneally | 30 days | Male Wistar rats | [108] | |
Grape | 75 mg/kg/day, given orally | Ethanol | 10 mL/kg/day ate 25% v/v, given orally | 10 weeks | Male albino rats | [109] |
100 mg/kg/day, given orally 6 days a week | Plant growth regulators | 75 ppm/L or 100 ppm/L dissolved in drinking water, given orally 6 days a week | 60 days | Male albino rats (Rattus rattus) | [110] | |
2 g/kg/day, given orally | Cadmium chlorine | 1.2 mg/kg diluted in 0.5 mL of distilled water, intraperitoneally | 86 days | Male Wistar rats | [111] | |
100 mg/kg/day dissolved in normal saline, given orally | Cadmium chloride | 5 mg/kg/day dissolved in normal saline, given orally | 30 days | Male albino rats | [112] | |
120 mg/kg, given orally | Cadmium chlorine | 5 mg/kg in saline, given orally | 4 weaks | Wistar albino male rats |
[113] | |
400 mg/kg/day dissolved in water, given orally | Cadmium chlorine | 5 mg/kg/day dissolved in water, given orally | 90 days | Male Wistar rats | [114] | |
100 mg/kg/day, given orally | Cadmium | 2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 10 days | Male Wistar rats | [115] | |
1.8 g/kg/day or 2.36 g/kg/day, given orally | Cadmium chlorine | 1.2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 56 days | Male Wistar rats | [116] | |
2 g/kg/day, given orally | Cadmium chlorine | 1.2 mg/kg diluted in 0.5 mL of distilled water, intraperitoneally | 30 days | Male Wistar rats | [117] | |
200 or 400 mg/kg three times per week, given orally | Dexamethasone | 0.1 mg/kg three times per week, subcutaneously | 30 days | Male Wistar rats | [118] | |
250 mg/kg/day, given orally | Varicocele | - | 8 weeks | Male Wistar rats | [119] | |
100 mg/kg/day dissolved in saline, given orally | Testicular torsion | - | 7 days | Male Wistar albino rats | [120] | |
20 mg/kg/day of trans-resveratrol dissolved in 10 g/L of carboxymethylcellulose | - | - | 90 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [121] | |
Green tea | 150 mg/kg/day, given orally | Deltamethrin | 0.6 mg/kg/day dissolved in corn oil, given orally | 28 days | Male mice | [122] |
2% or 5% dally, given orally | - | - | 52 days | Male Wistar rats | [123] | |
200 mg/kg/day dissolved in water, given orally | Para-nonylphenol | 200 mg/kg/day dissolved in corn oil, given orally | 56 days | Male Wistar rats | [124] | |
1.5% w/v dally, given orally | Cadmium chloride | 1.5 mg/kg dissolved in water, intraperitoneally | 13, 25 and 49 days | Male Wistar rats | [125] | |
70 mg/kg/day, given orally | Cadmium chloride | 3 mg/kg/day, given orally | 63 days | Male Wistar rats | [126] | |
2% w/v dally, given orally | Nicotine | 1 mg/kg/day dissolved in water, intraperitoneally | 60 days | Male Wistar rats | [127] | |
200 mg/kg/day or 500 mg/kg/day, given orally | Doxorubicin | 0.15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally 2 days per week for 5 weeks | 14 weeks | Male ICR mice | [128] | |
Microalgae/algae | 50 mg/kg/day, dissolved in 1 mL saline given orally | Deltamethrin | 3 mg/kg/day dissolved in 1 mL saline, given orally | 8 weeks | Male albino rats | [129] |
70 mg/kg/day, dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride given orally | Sodium nitrite | 80 mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water, given orally | 90 days | Male Wistar Albino rats | [130] | |
150 mg/kg/day, in drinking weather given orally | Cadmium chloride | 2 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously | 10 days/30 days | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | [131] | |
300 mg/kg/day, via gastric tube | Furan | 16 mg/kg/day, given orally | 4 weeks | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | [132] | |
300 mg/kg/day, given orally | Mercuric chloride | 5 mg/kg dissolved in water, subcutaneously 3 days per week | 60 days | Male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) | [133] | |
300 mg/kg/day, given orally | Bifenthrin | 5 mg/kg/day, given orally | 35 days | Male white Swiss mice | [134] | |
300 mg/kg, given orally | Lead acetate | 30 mg/kg, given orally | 8 weeks | Male Wistar rats | [135] | |
200 mg/kg/day, given orally | Diabetes | 50 mg/kg of STZ dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer, intraperitoneally | 28 days | Male Wistar rats | [136] | |
200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, given by gastric intubation | Benzo[alpha]pyrene | 125 mg/kg/day dissolved in corn oil, intraperitoneally | 3 weeks | CF1 mice | [137] | |
200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, given orally | Cyclophosphamide | 40 mg/kg dissolved in 0.9% saline, intraperitoneally | 3 weeks | CF1 mice | [138] | |
900 mg/kg/day, given orally | Cadmium chloride | 2.0 mg/kg/day, given orally | 21 days | BALB/c mice | [139] | |
13 mg/kg, 26 mg/kg or 65 mg/kg, given orally | Diabetes | 65 mg/kg of STZ and 230 mg/kg of NA, intraperitoneally | 4 weeks | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [140] | |
100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day dissolved in olive oil, given orally | Cisplatin | 7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally | 5 days | Male Syrian hamsters | [141] | |
Propolis | 100 mg/kg/day dissolved in ethanol 70%, given orally | Copper sulphate | 128 mg/kg/day dissolved in water, given orally | 21 days | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [142] |
300 mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water, given orally | Diabetes | 60 mg/kg of STZ dissolved in ice-cold saline, intraperitoneally | 4 weeks | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [143][144] | |
50 mg/kg/day, given orally | Aluminum chloride | 34 mg/kg/day, given orally | 70 days | Male Wistar Albino rats | [145] | |
50 mg/kg/day dissolved in DMSO, given orally | Cadmium | 1 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally starting in day 8th | 17 days | Male Wistar rats | [146] | |
100 mg/kg/day dissolved in DMSO, given orally | Methotrexate | 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally in day 8th | 15 days | Male Wistar rats | [147] | |
200 mg/kg 5 days per week, given orally | Doxorubicin | 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally in day 8th, 10th, 12th, 15th, 17th and 19th | 21 days | Male Wistar albino rats | [148] | |
50 mg/kg/day dissolved in 1 mL distilled water, given orally |
Paclitaxel | 5 mg/kg diluted in 1 mL normal saline once a week, intraperitoneally |
4 weeks | Male Sprague Dawley rats | [149] |