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Lindsay Dong
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Di Micco, R. PET/MRI in Axillary Staging. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/13808 (accessed on 16 April 2024).
Di Micco R. PET/MRI in Axillary Staging. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/13808. Accessed April 16, 2024.
Di Micco, Rosa. "PET/MRI in Axillary Staging" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/13808 (accessed April 16, 2024).
Di Micco, R. (2021, September 01). PET/MRI in Axillary Staging. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/13808
Di Micco, Rosa. "PET/MRI in Axillary Staging." Encyclopedia. Web. 01 September, 2021.
PET/MRI in Axillary Staging
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/cancers13143571

Axillary surgery in breast cancer (BC) is no longer a therapeutic procedure but has become a purely staging procedure. The progressive improvement in imaging techniques has paved the way to the hypothesis that prognostic information on nodal status deriving from surgery could be obtained with an accurate diagnostic exam. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is a relatively new imaging tool and its role in breast cancer patients is still under investigation.

breast cancer PET/MRI sentinel node biopsy

1. Introduction

Modern diagnostic imaging tools provide an accurate local and systemic staging in order to plan the primary treatment and to tailor the best surgical procedure. Whilst mammography, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent an excellent option to stage the T, staging the axilla with imaging is still challenging. To date, several studies have demonstrated the limitations of axillary ultrasound (Ax-US); these include the fact that it is an operator-dependent technique, its sensitivity ranges from 23% to 80% and also, it is unable to estimate the true axillary tumor burden [1][2]. Similarly, other tools such as standard breast MRI [3], Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) [4], PET/CT [5] are not accurate enough to predict axillary stage. On the one hand, two large meta-analyses have shown that Ax-US and selective needle biopsy correctly identifies around 50–55% of node-positive patients [2][6]. On the other hand, when considering the tumor burden, having abnormal nodes on Ax-US, mammogram and MRI often equates to having only 1–2 positive sentinel nodes that do not always change surgical plans [3][7][8]. However, the accuracy is not excellent and even when Ax-US identifies fewer than two abnormal nodes, patients are still more likely to have more than three positive nodes [9].

At first, axillary surgery had a curative intent and axillary dissection (AD) was always indicated; thereafter, SNB replaced AD and axillary surgery was more intended as a way to derive information on axillary status and plan adjuvant treatments. In fact, historical trials demonstrated no survival advantage in performing AD, and showed that it could cause more complications, long-term morbidities and, indeed, a worse quality of life [10][11][12][13]. Over time, AD has been progressively abandoned: IBCSG 23-01, ACOSOG Z0011 and AMAROS trials showed no survival advantage in completing AD in cT1-2 tumors with a positive sentinel node [12][13][14]. In parallel, primary systemic therapy (PST) has started to downstage positive axillae where AD was initially indicated and de-escalate final axillary surgery [15].
Considering this gradual switch in the role of axillary surgery from a therapeutic to a staging procedure, the role of imaging has strongly increased. Ideally, in the future, imaging might even replace surgery in the axillary staging of BC patients [16][17], while still providing reliable information to guide medical treatments. Today, systemic therapy is increasingly based on tumor biology rather than on nodal status, and gene expression signatures can also help decide on adjuvant treatment [18]. In this context, achievement of the most accurate preoperative imaging assessment of the axilla, in order to decide the most appropriate treatment for each patient, is an unmet need.

2. The Role of PET/MRI in Breast Cancer

PET/MRI is a relatively new imaging tool, and its field of application is still being studied. It was introduced in 2011 in the USA and UE, offering the potential to combine the specificity obtained by the functional imaging of PET with the superior sensitivity of MRI, and provide relevant information of higher diagnostic accuracy [19]. In particular, the fully integrated PET/MRI system provides a simultaneous imaging acquisition [20].

As regards BC, the application of PET/MRI was studied in four different settings: for preoperative staging at diagnosis, for follow-up staging, to predict the prognosis and the response to therapy (Table 1).

Table 1. Previous studies on PET/MRI in breast cancer patients divided according to the main objective of the exam into four groups: staging, follow-up, prognosis and response to therapy. (Nr.BC/Tot pts.: Number of breast cancer patients/total patients; NA: not available; WB: whole-body PET/MRI; B: breast PET/MRI).
Category Group Reference Total Number of Patients
Nr. BC/tot. pts. (%)		 Study Design Patient Position Type of Acquisition
STAGING Catalano, O.A., 2013 [21]
Huellner, M.W., 2014 [22]
Drzezga, A., 2012 [23]
Appenzeller, P., 2013 [24]
Wiesmuller, M., 2013 [25]
Kirchner, J., 2018 [26]
Botsikas, D., 2019 [27]
Pace, L., 2014 [28]
Kong, E., 2014 [29]
Melsaether, A.N., 2016 [30]
Van Nijnatten, T.J., 2018 [31]
Taneja, S., 2014 [32]
Grueneisen, J., 2015 [33]
Botsikas, D., 2016 [34]
Catalano, O.A., 2017 [35]
Goorts B., 2017 [36]
Kirchner, J., 2020 [37]
Bruckmann, N.M., 2020 [38]
Bruckmann, N.M., 2021 [39]		 35/134 (26.1%)
5/106 (4.8%)
3/32 (9.4%)
7/63 (11.1%)
3/46 (6.5%)
38/38 (100%)
80/80 (100%)
36/36 (100%)
42/42 (100%)
51/51 (100%)
12/12 (100%)
36/36 (100%)
49/49 (100%)
58/58 (100%)
51/51 (100%)
40/40 (100%)
56/56 (100%)
104/104 (100%)
154/154 (100%)		 retrospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
retrospective
prospective
retrospective
retrospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective		 supine
supine
supine
supine
supine
supine WB, prone B
supine WB, prone B
supine
supine WB, prone B
supine
prone
supine WB, prone B
prone
supine WB, prone B
NA
prone
supine WB, prone B
supine WB, prone B
supine		 simultaneous
sequential
simultaneous
sequential
simultaneous
simultaneous
sequential
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
sequential
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
FOLLOW-UP Grueneisen, J., 2017 [40]
Sawicki, L.M., 2016 [41]
Pujara, A.C., 2016 [42]
Beiderwellen, K., 2013 [43]
Chandarana, H., 2013 [44]
Rauscher, I., 2014 [45]
Catalano, O.A., 2015 [46]
Raad, R.A., 2016 [47]
Ishii S., 2016 [48]
Kirchner, J., 2017 [49]
Sonni, I., 2019 [50]		 36/36 (100%)
21/21 (100%)
35/35 (100%)
10/70 (14%)
10/32 (31.2%)
4/40 (10%)
109/109 (100%)
15/208 (7.2%)
33/123 (26.8%)
2/41 (5%)
23/74 (31%)		 prospective
prospective
retrospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
retrospective
retrospective
prospective
prospective
prospective		 supine
NA
prone
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA		 simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
PROGNOSIS Schiano, C., 2020 [51]
Margolis, N.E., 2016 [52]
Catalano, O.A., 2017 [53]
Jena, A., 2017 [54]
Jena, A., 2017 [55]
Kong, E., 2018 [56]
Incoronato, M., 2018 [57]
Inglese, M., 2019 [58]
Incoronato, M., 2019 [59]
Morawitz, J., 2021 [60]
Murakami, W., 2020 [61]
Carmona-Bozo, J.C., 2021 [62]		 40/217 (18.4%)
12/12 (100%)
21/21 (100%)
69/69 (100%)
98//98 (100%)
46/46 (100%)
50/50 (100%)
46/46 (100%)
77/155(49.7%)
56/56 (100%)
55/55 (100%)
32/32 (100%)		 retrospective
prospective
retrospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
retrospective
prospective		 NA
prone
supine WB, prone B
supine WB, prone B
prone
prone
prone
prone
supine WB, prone B
prone
supine WB, prone B
prone		 simultaneous simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
RESPONSE Jena, A., 2017 [63]
Wang, J., 2017 [64]
Romeo, V., 2017 [65]
Cho, N., 2018 [66]
Andreassen, M.M.S., 2020 [67]		 50/50 (100%)
14/14 (100%)
4/4 (100%)
26/26 (100%)
24/24 (100%)		 prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective
prospective		 supine WB, prone B
prone
NA
supine WB, prone B
NA		 simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous
simultaneous

On the one hand, the advantages of this hybrid diagnostic tool are a lower radiation dose when compared to PET/CT, better inter-observer agreement, a one-stage exam and more accurate detection of brain, bone and liver metastases. On the other hand, PET/MRI is still an expensive and time-consuming imaging method, which is not available everywhere; despite the attractiveness of performing a single exam when both PET and MR imaging are indicated, PET/MRI also exhibits other limitations (i.e., long duration, MR truncation, PET/MRI misregistration, etc.) [68].

To conclude, the role of PET/MRI in the BC setting is not yet well defined, although it shows good accuracy in BC local and systemic staging and could be considered in both monitoring and predicting the response to PST. However, the heterogeneity of the studies reported and the variability of the PET/MRI approach limit the comparison and the summation of data. Hence, current evidence is not sufficient to derive standard indications; ongoing and future research on PET/MRI could help clarify its role and establish whether it may represent a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool, or if it needs to be replaced or integrated with other conventional diagnostic tools.

3. PET/MRI in Axillary Staging: Current Evidence

Several studies have investigated the power of PET/MRI in staging the axilla; the results are encouraging but preliminary, due to the small sample size and inhomogeneous study population and design (Table 2).

Table 2. Previous studies on PET/MRI evaluating the axillary status in breast cancer (NA = not available, WB = whole body PET/MRI, B = breast PET/MRI).
Authors Total Number of Patients Study Design Patient Position Type of Acquisition Axillary Node Detection Sensitivity Axillary Node Detection Specificity
Kirchner, J., 2018 [26] 38 prospective supine WB, prone B simultaneous 93% 95%
Botsikas, D., 2019 [27] 80 prospective supine WB, prone B sequential 0.85 (0.72–0.93) 0.89 (0.82–0.94)
Melsaether, A.N., 2016 [30] 51 prospective supine simultaneous 88–100% (CI 69, 97) 95% (CI 88, 98)
Taneja, S., 2014 [32] 36 retrospective supine WB, prone B simultaneous 60% on PET, 93.3% on MRI 91% on PET and MRI
Grueneisen, J., 2015 [33] 49 prospective prone simultaneous 78% (CI 52, 94) 90% (CI 74, 98)
Botsikas, D., 2016 [34] 58 retrospective supine WB, prone B sequential 79% 100%

4. Conclusions

The modern battle for the breast surgical oncologist aims to achieve the least invasive but effective treatment and eventually find an imaging tool that is able to predict pathological results and spare women from future axillary surgery.
To date, the current evidence does not permit the avoidance of surgery, but PET/MRI might offer patients a one-stop-shop solution for local and systemic staging, and guide the surgical oncologist to de-escalate axillary surgery in selected patients. Results from prospective trials on PET/MRI are anticipated in the next five years and should help decide the potential applications of this cutting-edge imaging tool in BC treatment.

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Rosa Di Micco
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