Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Joan Oliva
 + 4532 word(s) 4532 2021-05-31 12:35:06 |
2 update references and layout
Amina Yu
 -2456 word(s) 2076 2021-07-14 04:22:54 | |
3 move out from EC
Conner Chen
 Meta information modification 2076 2021-09-22 04:16:07 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Oliva, J. Multilayer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12058 (accessed on 20 April 2024).
Oliva J. Multilayer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12058. Accessed April 20, 2024.
Oliva, Joan. "Multilayer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12058 (accessed April 20, 2024).
Oliva, J. (2021, July 14). Multilayer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12058
Oliva, Joan. "Multilayer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 July, 2021.
Multilayer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijtm1010002

Cell and gene therapies have been developing dramatically over the past decade. To face and adapt to the development of these new therapies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) wrote and updated new guidelines from 2016 and keep updating them. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most used cells for treatment, far ahead from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), based on registered clinical trials at clinicaltrials.gov. They are widely used because of their differentiation capacity and their anti-inflammatory properties, but some controversies still require clear answers. Additional studies are needed to determine the dosage, the number, and the route of injections (location and transplantation method), and if allogenic MSCs are safe compared to autologous MSC injection, including their long-term effect. In this review, we summarized the research our company is conducting with the adipose stromal cells in engineering cell sheets and their potential application

mesenchymal stem cells cell sheet cryopreservation Allogenic

1. introduction

Different types of stem cells are used for research and for translational medicine: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) [1], mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [2], and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [3]. Ethical debates about the use of ESCs make their use more difficult for human application [4], even if clinical trials have been conducted recently with ESCs [4]. The iPSCs can be engineered by the transfection of four different factors into somatic cells [3], but as for the ESCs, the iPSCs have also raised ethical issues [5][6][7], and clinical trials are conducted all over the world, but mainly in the USA, China, Japan, and France [8]. The European Medical Agency approved cell therapies in the past few years: Chondrocelect was the first approved cell therapy in 2009 [9]. This review is not focused on presenting the different types of stem cells used for cell and gene therapies, but it is focused on the MSCs and cell sheet engineering with MSCs.

MSCs are very popular cells used in the research and over sixty-eight thousand publications involving the use of MSCs were published on PubMed, as of January 2021 [10]. MSCs are pluripotent stem cells that were discovered around 30 years ago [2], and they can be isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, Wharton’s jelly, periosteum, villous chorion, fetus, and dental pulp [2][11][12][13][14], and there are no ethical issues. In the organism, the function of the MSC is to support the structure of the organs but also to generate cells of the specific organ when it is required. They adhere quickly to the cell culture surface, and their morphology is fibroblastic. They can be cultured easily, and their stemness is characterized by the capacity of the MSC to self-renew and maintain the stemness properties, being passaged many times without karyotype alteration [15]. However, there is always a risk that MSCs could transform into sarcoma [16], requiring a long-term follow-up on preclinical animal studies and clinical trials, up to 15 years based on the Food and Drug Administration guidelines (FDA). MSCs curative properties and advantages can be divided in three different parts:

(a) They can differentiate into different types of cells (before or after transplantation), and the self-renewal property of the MSC is very important, but it is a critical characteristic that must be understood. Even with a self-renewal capacity, the aging of the MSC could be a major problem with an increase of mutation and loss of differentiation capacity [17][18]. In 2006, Dominici et al. published a list of the minimal criteria defining the MSC: MSC must express CD73, CD90, and CD105, and must lack the expression of CD14, CD19, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR; in addition, MSCs must differentiate into cells originated from the three embryonic stem cell germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm [19]) such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts, as the most used [20].

(b) MSCs have anti-inflammatory potential and immune-modulatory properties, and promote cell growth and tissue repair, through the secretion of cytokines and extracellular vesicles [21]. In addition to this, the absence of HLA class II protein is a key factor, because MSCs could be used for allogeneic graft on patients, facilitating the use of MSCs in cell therapies. The activation of the HLA Class II leads to a rejection of transplanted cells or organs [22][23][24][25]. Functional MSCs do not express or express a very low level of HLA-DR (major histocompatibility complex class II, MHC II), meaning that MSCs have a lower immunogenicity than that of other cells [26][27][28][29]. In vitro studies showed that human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) are not recognized by T-lymphocytes but can suppress the proliferation of the T-lymphocyte [29]. For the past 20 years, human MSCs were used in animal studies, with successes, on the basis of the low probabilities that the xenotrans-plantation of human cells in animals will trigger an inflammatory response and the human MSC rejection. Human MSCs (hMSCs) were injected in different animals without any adverse events reported: mouse [30], rat [31], rabbit [32], zebrafish [33], swine [34], and dog [35], and as review for xenotransplantation of hMSCs [36]. This positive characteristic can be used for gene and cell therapy preclinical tests on animals before translational application, by using the MSCs that are planned to be utilized in the clinical trials (e.g., culture media, approved cells for clinical used by Federal Agencies). The absence or low immunogenicity of MSCs will allow their mass production, a better characterization, and the decrease of cost. In the other hand, MSCs act also as immunomodulators, by reducing inflammatory activity [37][38][39] and were used as a racehorse cure with no immunoreaction [40], for the bone repair of rats [41], in a human trial for Crohn’s disease [42][43][44][45][46], and for perianal fistula [47][48], as outlined in a review publication [49].

(c) An additional positive criterion is the large-scale manufacturing of the MSCs, which will provide enough cells for cell therapies [50, 51]. Typing the key words “bioprocessing, mesenchymal stem cells” in PubMed, there are only 160 publications referring to the large-scale production methodology of the mesenchymal stem cells. The bioprocessing of any stem cells must be well planned and controlled, including the determination of the donors (inclusion/exclusion criteria), the methodology of isolation, the type of culture media, and the processes for the mass production [50]. Positive and negative outcomes of stem cell therapy for animal studies and clinical trials can be related with the modification in the stem cells’ bioprocessing [51]. It is encouraged to work with MSC providers (or any other cells) that have an approved chemistry, manufacturing, and control for clinical trials, to facilitate the transition from preclinical to clinical trials; but it is also important to determine the cell culture conditions in the preclinical phase that will be used in the clinical trials to ensure that the data obtained in the preclinical studies and the methodologies will be approved by the federal agencies.

MSCs are the most used stem cells in clinical trials, and MSCs have shown promising hope for patients in need of gene and cell therapies [52], and over 1220 clinical trials have been conducted over the world (keyword: mesenchymal stem cell at clinicaltri-als.gov). Most of the clinical trials reached phase I and II, and very few of them reached phase III. MSCs can be easily isolated from different tissues. Even if bone marrow stem cells are still the MSCs used most often, the invasive procedure to isolate the bone marrow makes it more difficult and more stressful for the donors [53], compared with the use of adipose stem cells that can be easily isolated from liposuction [54][55]. In addition, the number of isolated adipose stromal cells from the liposuction can be 50,000 times higher than the number of bone marrow stem cells isolated from the bone marrow [56][57][58]. For all these reasons listed above, we decided to study the potential of the adipose stromal cells, a specific mesenchymal stem cell.

2. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapies

Engineering of tissues and organs with mesenchymal stem cells involves not only the stem cells but it could also involve biocompatible scaffolds, important for cell signaling stimulation and for transplantation [59][60]. The simplest and most economical methodology to treat patients with MSCs is the injection of isolated MSCs. On the other hand, a more complex approach consists in growing the cells in a 3D structure, using different methodologies for support, such as scaffolds and 3D printing. The efficiency of the cell therapy is based not only on the quality and the stem cell phenotype, but it is also related with the transplantation methodology of the cells.

Our company decided to develop cell sheets using mesenchymal stem cells, to target the cells on the damaged area, in absence of a specific scaffold, for different reasons: cheaper methodology, no additional step is necessary to prepare the culture dish to engineer cell sheet, absence of scaffold will not lead to fibrosis in the empty space left during the scaffold degradation and harvesting of cell sheet requires strong cell–cell connection and extracellular matrix. The use of cell sheet increases the cell survival and limits the potential ectopic biodistribution of the cells after transplantation, when the life span of injected single cells is very short (hours to weeks) [61][62][63]. The increase of the cell lifespan increases and extend the curative properties of the transplanted cells.

Biodistribution after cells injection/transplantation is a major concern for the federal agencies, especially to determine if the cells could be a threat to a patient’s health on a long-term treatment. When medications are absorbed by the patients, the medications are distributed, metabolized, and excreted after a certain period of time [64]. On the contrary, stem cell treatments are expected to or could have a very long-term effect. The timeline for the pharmacokinetics (PK) of cell treatment is different from that of the drugs PK, and cells should be followed up for an extended period, estimated to a year’s level. For a long term follow up, with our actual technology, only a genetic modification of the cells can be performed. At the best of our knowledge, there is no approved genetic cell modification to study over a long period of time the fate of the transplanted cells. Side effect of genetically modified cells will be a major concern that will require a large group of patients to determine the safety of the modifications. However, this approach has two advantages: it will be possible to have a long-term follow-up of the cells if the trackers are expressed by the cells and the cell viability could be confirmed.

The stability and the storage of the cell sheets is also another important part of the product development. As for the organs that must be discarded after a short period of time, those organ-based stem cells must be discarded if they are not used rapidly, but this problem could be overcome if the cell-based organs could be vitrified and stored for a long term in nitrogen liquid. As for many biological living products based on cells, the shelf life of the products can be short, especially if the cells are still in proliferation. It is then necessary to deliver the final product to the patients as soon as possible, but it is not always possible. The objective of the cell sheet vitrification is to build a bank of the cell sheets and transplant them, after the thawing test. Because of the low immunogenicity of the MSCs, this methodology will allow to have a large bank of cell sheets, available in a very short time for the patients, for allogeneic transplantation. Ohkawara et al. vitrified cardio-cell sheets and stored them in nitrogen liquid from 2 days to 3 months, without affecting the cell sheet morphology on a macroscopic level, and their cell therapy function, after transplantation on the heart. This not only means that the cell sheets maintained their curative properties, but also shows that xenogeneic transplantation with human stem cells can be performed and by consequence, allogeneic transplantation is possible [65]. Because cell sheet therapies are a recent medical treatment, we do not have long-term experience on the potential harm of cryopreserved cell sheets after transplantation, and further studies are required to improve new cryopreservation and thawing protocols [66][67]. In the field of cell sheet cryopreservation, very few publications and data are available [65][68][69][70][71], and additional studies will be needed to improve the methodology and the safety of the cryopreservation

Engineering cell sheet with mesenchymal stem cells is a very important branch in the field of the regenerative medicine, which has been growing for the past 20 years. In addition to the use of the cell sheet for cell therapy, numerous other applications could be used (Figure 1):

Formation of complex tissue, by stacking different type of cell sheets [72];

Gene therapy [73][74][75];

Drug high-throughput screening [76];

Engineering decellularized cell sheets [77][78].

Figure 1: Summary of the multiple applications for cell sheets.

References

  1. Hug, K.; Hermeren, G., Do we still need human embryonic stem cells for stem cell-based therapies? Epistemic and ethical aspects. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011, 7, (4), 761-74.
  2. Caplan, A. I., Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name! Stem Cells Transl Med 2017, 6, (6), 1445-1451.
  3. Takahashi, K.; Yamanaka, S., Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 2006, 126, (4), 663-76.
  4. Ilic, D.; Ogilvie, C., Concise Review: Human Embryonic Stem Cells-What Have We Done? What Are We Doing? Where Are We Going? Stem Cells 2017, 35, (1), 17-25.
  5. Moradi, S.; Mahdizadeh, H.; Saric, T.; Kim, J.; Harati, J.; Shahsavarani, H.; Greber, B.; Moore, J. B. t., Research and therapy with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): social, legal, and ethical considerations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019, 10, (1), 341.
  6. Zheng, Y. L., Some Ethical Concerns About Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Sci Eng Ethics 2016, 22, (5), 1277-1284.
  7. Zacharias, D. G.; Nelson, T. J.; Mueller, P. S.; Hook, C. C., The science and ethics of induced pluripotency: what will become of embryonic stem cells? Mayo Clin Proc 2011, 86, (7), 634-40.
  8. Deinsberger, J.; Reisinger, D.; Weber, B., Global trends in clinical trials involving pluripotent stem cells: a systematic multi-database analysis. NPJ Regen Med 2020, 5, 15.
  9. Yu, T. T. L.; Gupta, P.; Ronfard, V.; Vertes, A. A.; Bayon, Y., Recent Progress in European Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products and Beyond. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018, 6, 130.
  10. Zomer, H. D.; Vidane, A. S.; Goncalves, N. N.; Ambrosio, C. E., Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells: general insights and clinical perspectives. Stem Cells Cloning 2015, 8, 125-34.
  11. Miana, V. V.; Gonzalez, E. A. P., Adipose tissue stem cells in regenerative medicine. Ecancermedicalscience 2018, 12, 822.
  12. Wu, M.; Zhang, R.; Zou, Q.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, M.; Li, X.; Ran, R.; Chen, Q., Comparison of the Biological Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from the Human Placenta and Umbilical Cord. Sci Rep 2018, 8, (1), 5014.
  13. Charbord, P., Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: historical overview and concepts. Hum Gene Ther 2010, 21, (9), 1045-56.
  14. Jackson, W. M.; Nesti, L. J.; Tuan, R. S., Potential therapeutic applications of muscle-derived mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010, 10, (4), 505-17.
  15. Neri, S., Genetic Stability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regenerative Medicine Applications: A Fundamental Biosafety Aspect. Int J Mol Sci 2019, 20, (10).
  16. Hatina, J.; Kripnerova, M.; Houfkova, K.; Pesta, M.; Kuncova, J.; Sana, J.; Slaby, O.; Rodriguez, R., Sarcoma Stem Cell Heterogeneity. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019, 1123, 95-118.
  17. Yang, Y. K.; Ogando, C. R.; Wang See, C.; Chang, T. Y.; Barabino, G. A., Changes in phenotype and differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells aging in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018, 9, (1), 131.
  18. Li, Z.; Liu, C.; Xie, Z.; Song, P.; Zhao, R. C.; Guo, L.; Liu, Z.; Wu, Y., Epigenetic dysregulation in mesenchymal stem cell aging and spontaneous differentiation. PLoS One 2011, 6, (6), e20526.
  19. Sathananthan, H.; Selvaraj, K.; Clark, J., The fine structure of human germ layers in vivo: clues to the early differentiation of embryonic stem cells in vitro. Reprod Biomed Online 2011, 23, (2), 227-33.
  20. Dominici, M.; Le Blanc, K.; Mueller, I.; Slaper-Cortenbach, I.; Marini, F.; Krause, D.; Deans, R.; Keating, A.; Prockop, D.; Horwitz, E., Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006, 8, (4), 315-7.
  21. Poggi, A.; Zocchi, M. R., Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Still Unresolved "Yin and Yang". Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019, 14, (4), 344-350.
  22. Kolb, H. J., Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cellular therapy. HLA 2017, 89, (5), 267-277.
  23. Hao, M.; Wang, R.; Wang, W., Cell Therapies in Cardiomyopathy: Current Status of Clinical Trials. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2017, 2017, 9404057.
  24. Duelen, R.; Sampaolesi, M., Stem Cell Technology in Cardiac Regeneration: A Pluripotent Stem Cell Promise. EBioMedicine 2017, 16, 30-40.
  25. Thakkar, U. G.; Vanikar, A. V.; Trivedi, H. L., Stem cell therapy: An emerging modality in glomerular diseases. Cytotherapy 2017, 19, (3), 333-348.
  26. Mohammadi, Z.; Afshari, J. T.; Keramati, M. R.; Alamdari, D. H.; Ganjibakhsh, M.; Zarmehri, A. M.; Jangjoo, A.; Sadeghian, M. H.; Ameri, M. A.; Moinzadeh, L., Differentiation of adipocytes and osteocytes from human adipose and placental mesenchymal stem cells. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2015, 18, (3), 259-66.
  27. Technau, A.; Froelich, K.; Hagen, R.; Kleinsasser, N., Adipose tissue-derived stem cells show both immunogenic and immunosuppressive properties after chondrogenic differentiation. Cytotherapy 2011, 13, (3), 310-7.
  28. Mitchell, J. B.; McIntosh, K.; Zvonic, S.; Garrett, S.; Floyd, Z. E.; Kloster, A.; Di Halvorsen, Y.; Storms, R. W.; Goh, B.; Kilroy, G.; Wu, X.; Gimble, J. M., Immunophenotype of human adipose-derived cells: temporal changes in stromal-associated and stem cell-associated markers. Stem Cells 2006, 24, (2), 376-85.
  29. Tse, W. T.; Pendleton, J. D.; Beyer, W. M.; Egalka, M. C.; Guinan, E. C., Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: implications in transplantation. Transplantation 2003, 75, (3), 389-97.
  30. Ra, J. C.; Shin, I. S.; Kim, S. H.; Kang, S. K.; Kang, B. C.; Lee, H. Y.; Kim, Y. J.; Jo, J. Y.; Yoon, E. J.; Choi, H. J.; Kwon, E., Safety of intravenous infusion of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in animals and humans. Stem Cells Dev 2011, 20, (8), 1297-308.
  31. Ghasemi, N.; Razavi, S.; Mardani, M.; Esfandiari, E.; Salehi, H.; Zarkesh Esfahani, S. H., Transplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells enhances remyelination in lysolecithin-induced focal demyelination of rat spinal cord. Mol Biotechnol 2014, 56, (5), 470-8.
  32. Lasso, J. M.; Perez Cano, R.; Castro, Y.; Arenas, L.; Garcia, J.; Fernandez-Santos, M. E., Xenotransplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells in the regeneration of a rabbit peripheral nerve. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015, 68, (12), e189-97.
  33. Li, J.; Zeng, G.; Qi, Y.; Tang, X.; Zhang, J.; Wu, Z.; Liang, J.; Shi, L.; Liu, H.; Zhang, P., Xenotransplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells in zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2015, 10, (4), e0123264.
  34. Jun Hong, S.; Rogers, P. I.; Kihlken, J.; Warfel, J.; Bull, C.; Deuter-Reinhard, M.; Feng, D.; Xie, J.; Kyle, A.; Merfeld-Clauss, S.; Johnstone, B. H.; Traktuev, D. O.; Chen, P. S.; Lindner, J. R.; March, K. L., Intravenous xenogeneic transplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells improves left ventricular function and microvascular integrity in swine myocardial infarction model. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015, 86, (2), E38-48.
  35. Pelatti, M. V.; Gomes, J. P.; Vieira, N. M.; Cangussu, E.; Landini, V.; Andrade, T.; Sartori, M.; Petrus, L.; Zatz, M., Transplantation of Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Non-Immunosuppressed GRMD Dogs is a Safe Procedure. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016, 12, (4), 448-53.
  36. Lin, C. S.; Lin, G.; Lue, T. F., Allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells in immunocompetent recipients without immunosuppressants. Stem Cells Dev 2012, 21, (15), 2770-8.
  37. Zhang, J.; Huang, X.; Wang, H.; Liu, X.; Zhang, T.; Wang, Y.; Hu, D., The challenges and promises of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for use as a cell-based therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015, 6, 234.
  38. Asano, K.; Yoshimura, S.; Nakane, A., Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A-Induced Toxic Shock. Infect Immun 2015, 83, (9), 3490-6.
  39. Hong, S. J.; Traktuev, D. O.; March, K. L., Therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cells in vascular growth and tissue repair. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010, 15, (1), 86-91.
  40. Ricco, S.; Renzi, S.; Del Bue, M.; Conti, V.; Merli, E.; Ramoni, R.; Lucarelli, E.; Gnudi, G.; Ferrari, M.; Grolli, S., Allogeneic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in combination with platelet rich plasma are safe and effective in the therapy of superficial digital flexor tendonitis in the horse. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013, 26, (1 Suppl), 61-8.
  41. Wen, C.; Yan, H.; Fu, S.; Qian, Y.; Wang, D.; Wang, C., Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells regenerate bone in a critical-sized ulna segmental defect. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016, 241, (13), 1401-9.
  42. Panes, J.; Garcia-Olmo, D.; Van Assche, G.; Colombel, J. F.; Reinisch, W.; Baumgart, D. C.; Dignass, A.; Nachury, M.; Ferrante, M.; Kazemi-Shirazi, L.; Grimaud, J. C.; de la Portilla, F.; Goldin, E.; Richard, M. P.; Leselbaum, A.; Danese, S.; Collaborators, A. C. S. G., Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Cx601) for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind controlled trial. Lancet 2016, 388, (10051), 1281-90.
  43. Garcia-Arranz, M.; Herreros, M. D.; Gonzalez-Gomez, C.; de la Quintana, P.; Guadalajara, H.; Georgiev-Hristov, T.; Trebol, J.; Garcia-Olmo, D., Treatment of Crohn's-Related Rectovaginal Fistula With Allogeneic Expanded-Adipose Derived Stem Cells: A Phase I-IIa Clinical Trial. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016, 5, (11), 1441-1446.
  44. Park, K. J.; Ryoo, S. B.; Kim, J. S.; Kim, T. I.; Baik, S. H.; Kim, H. J.; Lee, K. Y.; Kim, M.; Kim, W. H., Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of perianal fistula in Crohn's disease: a pilot clinical trial. Colorectal Dis 2016, 18, (5), 468-76.
  45. Molendijk, I.; Bonsing, B. A.; Roelofs, H.; Peeters, K. C.; Wasser, M. N.; Dijkstra, G.; van der Woude, C. J.; Duijvestein, M.; Veenendaal, R. A.; Zwaginga, J. J.; Verspaget, H. W.; Fibbe, W. E.; van der Meulen-de Jong, A. E.; Hommes, D. W., Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Promote Healing of Refractory Perianal Fistulas in Patients With Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterology 2015, 149, (4), 918-27 e6.
  46. de la Portilla, F.; Alba, F.; Garcia-Olmo, D.; Herrerias, J. M.; Gonzalez, F. X.; Galindo, A., Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (eASCs) for the treatment of complex perianal fistula in Crohn's disease: results from a multicenter phase I/IIa clinical trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013, 28, (3), 313-23.
  47. Park, E. J.; Kang, J.; Baik, S. H., Treatment of faecal incontinence using allogeneic-adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016, 6, (2), e010450.
  48. Garcia-Olmo, D.; Herreros, D.; Pascual, I.; Pascual, J. A.; Del-Valle, E.; Zorrilla, J.; De-La-Quintana, P.; Garcia-Arranz, M.; Pascual, M., Expanded adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of complex perianal fistula: a phase II clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2009, 52, (1), 79-86.
  49. Trounson, A.; McDonald, C., Stem Cell Therapies in Clinical Trials: Progress and Challenges. Cell Stem Cell 2015, 17, (1), 11-22.
  50. Hassan, M.; Yazid, M. D.; Yunus, M. H. M.; Chowdhury, S. R.; Lokanathan, Y.; Idrus, R. B. H.; Ng, A. M. H.; Law, J. X., Large-Scale Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2020, 2020, 9529465.
  51. Panchalingam, K. M.; Jung, S.; Rosenberg, L.; Behie, L. A., Bioprocessing strategies for the large-scale production of human mesenchymal stem cells: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015, 6, 225.
  52. Galipeau, J.; Sensebe, L., Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Clinical Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cell Stem Cell 2018, 22, (6), 824-833.
  53. Hernigou, P.; Homma, Y.; Flouzat Lachaniette, C. H.; Poignard, A.; Allain, J.; Chevallier, N.; Rouard, H., Benefits of small volume and small syringe for bone marrow aspirations of mesenchymal stem cells. Int Orthop 2013, 37, (11), 2279-87.
  54. Wu, C.; Laswell, S.; Mentz, J. A.; Morales, R., Vibration Exposure Safety Guidelines for Surgeons Using Power-Assisted Liposuction (PAL). Aesthet Surg J 2021, 41, (7), 783-791.
  55. Qu, Y.; Luan, J.; Mu, D.; Wang, Q.; Li, Z.; Liu, T.; Fu, S., Does Water-Jet Force Affect Cryopreserved Adipose-Derived Stem Cells? Evidence of Improved Cell Viability and Fat Graft Survival. Ann Plast Surg 2020.
  56. Tsuji, W.; Rubin, J. P.; Marra, K. G., Adipose-derived stem cells: Implications in tissue regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2014, 6, (3), 312-21.
  57. Sachs, P. C.; Francis, M. P.; Zhao, M.; Brumelle, J.; Rao, R. R.; Elmore, L. W.; Holt, S. E., Defining essential stem cell characteristics in adipose-derived stromal cells extracted from distinct anatomical sites. Cell Tissue Res 2012, 349, (2), 505-15.
  58. Casteilla, L.; Planat-Benard, V.; Laharrague, P.; Cousin, B., Adipose-derived stromal cells: Their identity and uses in clinical trials, an update. World J Stem Cells 2011, 3, (4), 25-33.
  59. Ong, C. S.; Yesantharao, P.; Huang, C. Y.; Mattson, G.; Boktor, J.; Fukunishi, T.; Zhang, H.; Hibino, N., 3D bioprinting using stem cells. Pediatr Res 2018, 83, (1-2), 223-231.
  60. Guan, X.; Avci-Adali, M.; Alarcin, E.; Cheng, H.; Kashaf, S. S.; Li, Y.; Chawla, A.; Jang, H. L.; Khademhosseini, A., Development of hydrogels for regenerative engineering. Biotechnol J 2017, 12, (5).
  61. Gyongyosi, M.; Blanco, J.; Marian, T.; Tron, L.; Petnehazy, O.; Petrasi, Z.; Hemetsberger, R.; Rodriguez, J.; Font, G.; Pavo, I. J.; Kertesz, I.; Balkay, L.; Pavo, N.; Posa, A.; Emri, M.; Galuska, L.; Kraitchman, D. L.; Wojta, J.; Huber, K.; Glogar, D., Serial noninvasive in vivo positron emission tomographic tracking of percutaneously intramyocardially injected autologous porcine mesenchymal stem cells modified for transgene reporter gene expression. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2008, 1, (2), 94-103.
  62. Lee, R. H.; Pulin, A. A.; Seo, M. J.; Kota, D. J.; Ylostalo, J.; Larson, B. L.; Semprun-Prieto, L.; Delafontaine, P.; Prockop, D. J., Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6. Cell Stem Cell 2009, 5, (1), 54-63.
  63. Le Maitre, C. L.; Baird, P.; Freemont, A. J.; Hoyland, J. A., An in vitro study investigating the survival and phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells following injection into nucleus pulposus tissue. Arthritis Res Ther 2009, 11, (1), R20.
  64. Doogue, M. P.; Polasek, T. M., The ABCD of clinical pharmacokinetics. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2013, 4, (1), 5-7.
  65. Ohkawara, H.; Miyagawa, S.; Fukushima, S.; Yajima, S.; Saito, A.; Nagashima, H.; Sawa, Y., Development of a vitrification method for preserving human myoblast cell sheets for myocardial regeneration therapy. BMC Biotechnol 2018, 18, (1), 56.
  66. Elliott, G. D.; Wang, S.; Fuller, B. J., Cryoprotectants: A review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures. Cryobiology 2017, 76, 74-91.
  67. Storey, K. B.; Storey, J. M., Molecular Physiology of Freeze Tolerance in Vertebrates. Physiol Rev 2017, 97, (2), 623-665.
  68. Hayashi, A.; Maehara, M.; Uchikura, A.; Matsunari, H.; Matsumura, K.; Hyon, S. H.; Sato, M.; Nagashima, H., Development of an efficient vitrification method for chondrocyte sheets for clinical application. Regen Ther 2020, 14, 215-221.
  69. Oliva, J.; Florentino, A.; Bardag-Gorce, F.; Niihara, Y., Vitrification and storage of oral mucosa epithelial cell sheets. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019, 13, (7), 1153-1163.
  70. Tani, Y.; Sato, M.; Maehara, M.; Nagashima, H.; Yokoyama, M.; Yokoyama, M.; Yamato, M.; Okano, T.; Mochida, J., The effects of using vitrified chondrocyte sheets on pain alleviation and articular cartilage repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017, 11, (12), 3437-3444.
  71. Maehara, M.; Sato, M.; Watanabe, M.; Matsunari, H.; Kokubo, M.; Kanai, T.; Sato, M.; Matsumura, K.; Hyon, S. H.; Yokoyama, M.; Mochida, J.; Nagashima, H., Development of a novel vitrification method for chondrocyte sheets. BMC Biotechnol 2013, 13, 58.
  72. Kimlin, L.; Kassis, J.; Virador, V., 3D in vitro tissue models and their potential for drug screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013, 8, (12), 1455-66.
  73. Park, H. J.; Kong, M. J.; Jang, H. J.; Cho, J. I.; Park, E. J.; Lee, I. K.; Frokiaer, J.; Norregaard, R.; Park, K. M.; Kwon, T. H., A nonbiodegradable scaffold-free cell sheet of genome-engineered mesenchymal stem cells inhibits development of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2021, 99, (1), 117-133.
  74. Galvez, V.; Chacon-Solano, E.; Bonafont, J.; Mencia, A.; Di, W. L.; Murillas, R.; Llames, S.; Vicente, A.; Del Rio, M.; Carretero, M.; Larcher, F., Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Ablation in Human Keratinocytes to Recapitulate Genodermatoses: Modeling of Netherton Syndrome. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020, 18, 280-290.
  75. Chen, X.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, Q.; Xu, Z.; Xu, F.; Li, D.; Li, Y., Chondrocyte sheet in vivo cartilage regeneration technique using miR-193b-3p to target MMP16. Aging (Albany NY) 2019, 11, (17), 7070-7082.
  76. Zhang, H.; Whalley R.D; Ferreira, A. M.; Dalgarno, K., High throughput physiological micro-models for in vitro pre-clinical drug testing: a review of engineering systems approaches. Progress in Biomedical Engineering 2020, 2, (2).
  77. Asadi, M.; Lotfi, H.; Salehi, R.; Mehdipour, A.; Zarghami, N.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Alizadeh, E., Hepatic cell-sheet fabrication of differentiated mesenchymal stem cells using decellularized extracellular matrix and thermoresponsive polymer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021, 134, 111096.
  78. Xing, Q.; Yates, K.; Tahtinen, M.; Shearier, E.; Qian, Z.; Zhao, F., Decellularization of fibroblast cell sheets for natural extracellular matrix scaffold preparation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015, 21, (1), 77-87.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Cell Biology; Cell & Tissue Engineering
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Joan Oliva
View Times: 400
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 22 Sep 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback